one of the provinces of the kingdom of Hanover, on the sea-shore. It was formerly subject to its native independent sovereigns, on whose extinction, in the middle of the eighteenth century, it came under the government of Prussia, and was finally ceded to Hanover by the congress of Vienna in 1815. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the German Ocean, on the east by Oldenburg, on the south by Meppen, on the west by the Netherlands, and on the north-west by the Dollart. It extends over 1159 square miles, exclusive of the islands Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Longeroog, Spiteroog, and Wangeroog; which belong to it. It contains four cities, seven market-towns, 145 parishes, and 200 hamlets, and in 1815, the population amounted to 127,522. The land is marshy, but rich on the border. It gradually decreases in fertility towards the centre, till it becomes a poor sandy heath, unfit for cultivation. The good land comprehends seven tenths of the whole. That part is lower than the sea at high water, but below it at low water, and is drained by sluices, as is practised in Holland, which the province much resembles; and the embankments are said to have been formed more than ten centuries ago. The chief produce is oats, of which large quantities are exported. Some wheat also is raised. Many horses and cows are bred, and butter and cheese are made extensively. There are few large estates; but most of the occupiers are proprietors of their land, in portions varying from thirty to seventy English acres. There is a scarcity of wood, and turf is used for fuel. The city of Aurich is deemed the capital; but more of the business of government is conducted at Emden than in that place.