a city of the grand duchy of Hesse, in Germany, in the province of Upper Hesse. It stands on the river Lahn, at its junction with the Wieseck, and is the seat of the several boards of government, of justice, and of the ecclesiastical superintendent. The university, founded in 1607, is flourishing, and has twenty-three professors and between two and three hundred students. It has connected with it two public libraries, a botanical garden, and various museums. It contains 720 houses and 7000 inhabitants, including the university. Long. 9. 38. E. Lat. 50. 36. N. It is the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, comprehending two cities, one market-town, and thirty-five villages, with 3219 houses and 20,450 inhabitants. Gifford, William, a distinguished critic, satirist, and dramatic annotator, was born at Ashburton, in Devonshire, in April 1757. Although his immediate ancestors possessed considerable property in their native county, and there accounted gentlemen, yet a series of indiscretions had deprived them of the greater part of their substance; and when the subject of this memoir was born, his father only possessed two small estates. The elder Gifford, whose roving propensities had driven him to sea, and also led him "to wander in some vagabond society," as his son forms us, established himself after his marriage, as a mason and glazier, at South Molton. But his habits were settled and sedentary; he went again to sea, and once more returned without having acquired any wisdom from misfortunes; and he died at last, "of a decayed and ruined constitution, before he was forty." When this event happened, his son William had not completed his thirteenth year. He had been sent to school to read, write, and cipher; but, according to his own account of himself, he made "a most wretched progress." In less than twelve months after the death of his father, his mother followed her husband to the grave, and after various vicissitudes young Gifford was sent on board of a coasting vessel, by the person under whose guardianship he had been placed. This individual, who was his godfather, and into whose hands the effects of Gifford's parents had fallen, recalled him from his nautical pursuits, principally, it would appear, on account of the outcry which the people of Ashburton raised against him for the manner in which he had treated his young charge. Gifford was now sent to school, where he made great progress, especially in arithmetic; but on this he was in a short time withdrawn, and apprenticed as a shoemaker. He was now in his fifteenth year, and he was obliged to serve until he was twenty-one. But he thoroughly hated his new profession, and whenever leisure afforded him opportunities, he prosecuted his favourite study of mathematics. Few facilities for study fell to his lot, but his ingenuity supplied the deficiency; and the means which he adopted of improving himself, as well as the irrepressible perseverance which he displayed, affords striking instance of the force of genius in compensating and overcoming the disadvantages of untoward circumstances. He also began to write verses, though not at this period for amusement, but only when he wanted money for his mathematical pursuits. But his devotedness to his studies seems to have rendered him indifferent to the concerns of his master, whose indignation was accordingly aroused. He requested young Gifford to give up his books and papers; and this being refused, he proceeded to the arrest of the delinquent, which he thoroughly sacked. Being now deprived of his sole means of improvement, almost for enjoyment, Gifford began to display a degree of sullenness, reserve, and discontent, which made him an object of dislike to his fellow-workmen. However, in this humble and obscure condition, poor beyond the common lot, he attracted the notice of Mr Cookesley, a surgeon of the town in which he resided. This excellent individual deeply interested himself in behalf of Gifford, and set on foot a subscription to purchase his freedom from the latter part of his indentures, and to pay for his education; a scheme which completely succeeded. Thus, by an act of generosity, which it is pleasing to record, was the humble shoemaker rescued from his abject state, and placed in circumstances which enabled him to gain the highest literary honours, and to sit in judgment upon the most gifted men of his time.

After having passed two years at school, he was pronounced fit for the university; and by the active benevolence of Mr Cookesley he was enabled to proceed to Oxford, where he obtained the situation of Bible reader in Exeter College. Whilst at this place, he undertook a translation of Juvenal, poetry having now become his delight. A subscription Gifford for publishing it was set on foot; but during the progress of this undertaking his benefactor died; a circumstance which ultimately, and perhaps fortunately, prevented him from publishing a translation of the great Roman satirist, at least for a time. By an accidental occurrence, however, he became known to Lord Grosvenor, who invited him to his house. He accordingly quitted Oxford, and took up his residence with that nobleman, under whose hospitable roof he prosecuted the translation of Juvenal, until called upon to accompany the son of his patron to the Continent. With this young nobleman he spent, in two successive tours, many years, "of which," he says in his autobiography, "the remembrance will always be dear." Although Mr Gifford was principally engaged upon his translation of Juvenal, its publication was preceded by several other productions, by which at the time he obtained great popularity. The first was the Barmaid, a paraphrase on the first satire of Persius. This production appeared in 1794, and was levelled at a class of poetasters who deluged the daily prints of the time with their weak and effeminate incubations, which were likewise deformed by the most fulsome adulation of each other. The satire had the effect of completely extinguishing this tuneless tribe. Mr Gifford's next production, which appeared the following year, was entitled the Marvial; an imitation of Horace, and directed against the corruptions of the drama. This work was only partially successful, for the malady which it was intended to cure had its seat in public manners rather than in the affectation of individuals. In both of these works Mr Gifford displays the most caustic severity and personality; and it has been questioned whether the harmless generation of ephemeral songsters and dramatists deserved the abuse with which they were assailed. In 1800 he published his Epistle to Peter Pindar, an attack which brought him little else but disquietude; the laughter of the one satirist being quite as formidable as the gall of the other. About this period Mr Gifford became connected with a set of men of wit and genius, at the head of whom was Mr Canning, who resolved upon establishing a weekly paper for the purpose of exposing and ridiculing the political agitators of the time. This print was called the Anti-Jacobin, and Mr Gifford became its editor. The ministerial connection thus formed was of some use to him, as by it he obtained the paymastership of the band of gentlemen pensioners; and at a subsequent period he was made a double commissioner of the lottery. In 1802 appeared his English version of Juvenal, a work which may be said to have engrossed the greater part of his life. It was ushered into the world with every possible advantage, headed by a dedication to Earl Grosvenor, and with the translator's autobiography prefixed to it. The translation is able and spirited, although it is occasionally diffuse and unharmonious, and not unfrequently coarse in its diction. In 1805 Mr Gifford published an edition of the Plays of Massinger in four volumes; and in 1816 the Works of Ben Johnson, in nine volumes. In his annotations upon both these dramatic poets he displays great acuteness and industry; but in exposing the blunders of previous commentators, he shows not a little of his characteristic acerbity. In 1821 he published a version of Persius; and since his death his editions of the dramatic works of Ford and Shirley have been given to the world, accompanied with able and acute notes.

It was, however, as editor of the Quarterly Review that Mr Gifford became most generally known. The success of the Edinburgh Review, in advocating liberal principles in politics, suggested to the opposite party the idea of a counterpoise in the shape of the journal above named, which was accordingly carried into effect in 1809, and Mr Gifford entrusted with its management. The scheme completely succeeded; and it is allowed by all parties, that as editor of this distinguished journal, Mr Gifford displayed uncommon skill and ability. No man possessed a finer tact in discerning the weak and bad points of an author, when his object was to turn him into ridicule; none could hold them up to laughter with more felicitous acrimony. From the time of his taking the charge of the Quarterly Review until his death, few circumstances of any moment occurred in the life of Mr Gifford, except the publication of the works already mentioned. He continued the editorship until about two years before his death, which took place on the 31st of December 1826.

From the prominent position which Mr Gifford occupied in the literary world, his character has been the subject of severe animadversion by one party, and of exaggerated eulogy by another. Of his great talents there can be no doubt. His sagacity and quickness of apprehension were striking, and the rapidity with which he acquired knowledge is proved by his having prepared himself for the university after being only two years at school. His wit was distinguished for caustic severity rather than for brilliancy, and he dealt more in invective than in polished repartee. As a poet he cannot be said to rank very high; but that he had a keen perception of the beauties of the noblest inspirations of the muse, and could point them out with great felicity, provided political feelings did not intervene to pervert his judgment, is proved by his many admirable criticisms, and by the confidence which Lord Byron and others reposed in his opinions. In private life Mr Gifford was modest and unassuming; and amongst the numerous parties, poetical, political, or religious, who occasionally suffered by his castigations, none of them ever ventured to recriminate by attacking the moral character of the editor of the Quarterly Review. The memoir of himself, which he prefixed to his version of Juvenal, is one of the most remarkable pieces of autobiography extant. It is written with ability and manly feeling, as well as with unaffected modesty and apparent candour.