in Ecclesiastical History, the disciples of Joachim, a Cisterian monk, who was abbot of Flora in Calabria, and a great pretender to inspiration.

The Joachimites were particularly enamoured of certain ternaries. The Father, they said, operated from the beginning till the coming of the Son; the Son, from that time till their own era, which was the year 1260; and from the latter epoch the Holy Spirit was to operate in his turn. They also divided everything relating to men, to doctrine, and to the manner of living, into three classes, according to the three persons in the Trinity. The first ternary consisted of men, the first class of whom was that of married men, which had lasted during the whole period of the Father; the second was that of clerks, which had lasted during the time of the Son; and the third was that of the monks, in which there was to be an uncommon effusion of grace by the Holy Spirit. The second ternary was that of doctrine, namely, the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the everlasting Gospel; the first of which they ascribed to the Father, the second to the Son, and the third to the Holy Spirit. A third ternary consisted in the manner of living, viz. under the Father, men lived according to the flesh; under the Son, they lived according to the flesh and the spirit; and under the Holy Ghost, they were to live according to the spirit only.

JOAG, a town of Western Africa, and capital of the kingdom of Kajango. See KAJAAGO.

JOAL, a sea-port on the western coast of Africa, in the small kingdom of Bar-Sin. Formerly a considerable slave trade was carried on here; but cattle, poultry, and other provisions are what it now chiefly supplies. Very large vessels, however, cannot enter the port, on account of a sand-bank which stretches across the mouth of the harbour.

JOAN, Pope, called by Platina, John VIII., a woman said to have occupied the holy see between Leo IV. who died in 855, and Benedict III. who died in 858. Mariannus Scotus says that she occupied the pontifical chair two years five months and four days. Numberless have been the controversies, fables, and conjectures, respecting this pope. It is said that a German girl, pretending to be a man, went to Athens, where she made great progress in the sciences; and that she afterwards repaired to Rome, still induced with the male habit. As she had a quick genius, and spoke with a good grace in the public disputations and lectures of the time, her great learning was admired, and every one loved her extremely; so that after the death of Leo, she was chosen pope, and performed all offices as such. But whilst she was in possession of this high dignity, she became pregnant; and as she was going in a solemn procession to the Lateran church, she was delivered of a child, between the Coliseum and St Clement's church, in a public street, before a crowd of people, and died on the spot, in 857. By way of embellishing this story, it has been alleged that precautions were afterwards taken to prevent the recurrence of a similar accident.

JOAN d'Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, whose heroic behaviour, in re-animating the expiring valour of the French nation, deserved a better fate. To accomplish this object, she pretended to be inspired; and, in her character of prophetess as well as heroine, succeeded in infusing new energy into her countrymen. But her enemies were not deceived as to her real character; they regarded her merely as a bold and successful impostor; and accordingly, when she fell into their hands, they put her to death. She was burned by the English as a sorceress in 1421, at the age of twenty-four. See FRANCE.

JOANA, a town on the northern coast of the island of Java, formerly fortified. It is situated a few miles inland, on the river Joana, along which it extends about a mile. The surrounding country yields rice, timber, and the natives are employed in spinning cotton. The river on which the town is situated is the longest and deepest in the country. It flows out of a deep lake, to which it is navigable by boats; and it has several branches, one of which communicates with Samarang.

JOANES, Dos, a large island of South America, situated at the mouth of the river Amazons, in the province of Para. It is separated from the mainland west of the river Tocantins by the Strait of Tagyparu on the south, and extends ninety miles from north to south, and one hundred and twenty from east to west. It is one of the best peopled districts in the province; and, from its extensive grazing farms, Para, the capital, which is opposite to it, draws its chief supply of meat. The island contains many small towns and villages, and a considerable population of all castes and shades; but the Indians, who are very imperfectly civilized, are the most numerous. The climate is hot, but tempered by the ocean breeze.

JOAO del Rey, a town of Brazil, in the extensive country of Minas Geraes. It is surrounded by mountains, and lies partly on the side of an eminence and partly on a plain, being divided into two by the small river Tijuco. The town is compact, of a circular form, and has the general appearance of all Portuguese towns of the same class. The houses are low, white-washed, and furnished with latticed windows. The streets are narrow, crooked, far from uniform, and very slippery, being paved with large, smooth, blue stones, with a channel in the middle. The site of the buildings is so irregular, that they overtop each other, the conspicuous points being selected for public offices and the best private dwellings. The government-house is a large, substantial building, well situated for observing what passes in the town, and for the despatch of public business. Adjoining to it are the public offices, which form one side of an unfinished square; on the other stand some plain, substantial houses; and in the centre, the pillar of public executions, surmounted by a figure of Minerva, invested with the insignia of justice. The jail, a large and strong building, is situated in the principal street. There are thirteen churches, amongst which is a sort of metropolitan church, built in taipé or paysan. Its exterior is mean, but it contains within some very remarkable ornaments. A brisk trade is carried on between this town and the capital, by means of caravans, conveying thither bacon, cheese, some cottons, woollen hats, horned cattle, mules, and gold bars, and bringing back in return European goods, chiefly Portuguese and English, such as calices, handkerchiefs, lace, iron-ware, wine, porter, and liqueurs. Though the environs are very mountainous and bare, and seem to be thinly peopled, yet, in the clefts of the mountains and valleys many haciendas are scattered, which furnish the necessary supplies of maize, mandioc, beans, oranges, tobacco, a small quantity of sugar and cotton, cheese in abundance, cattle, swine, and mules; whilst the streams, which are full of fish, contribute to the supply of food. Formerly the chief occupation of the people was searching for gold. The mine to which the town owes its origin and celebrity, and whence such masses of mineral wealth have been extracted, is situated within the town, near the government-house. It is nothing but a deep pit, having perpendicular sides, and always full of water during the rainy season. The labour and expense of procuring the precious metal under such circumstances, together with the ignorance of the mechanical arts here, present insuperable obstacles to the full produce of the mine being obtained, and the greater part of the gold dust brought to the smelting-house comes from other quarters. The lower classes in this town are idle and profligate; a social condition which in some measure may be ascribed to the general want of education amongst the inhabitants. The town is governed by a desembargador, or supreme judge. It has also an attorney-general, a vicar, and a royal Latin professor. The population amounts to about 6000, of which only one third are white people, the rest being negroes and mulattoes. The colour of the white people constitutes an exemption from toil; and those who do labour, occupy themselves on farms, in superintending shops, or in filling places of public trust, and in discharging the duties of religion and justice. Others are employed at woollen manufactories in the neighbourhood, the cloth being prepared from an article of native produce. This town is stated to be eighty miles south-west of Villa Rica, about the same distance south-south-west of Sabara, and upwards of two hundred miles north-west of Rio.

JOB, or Book of Job, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a narrative of a series of misfortunes which happened to a man whose name was Job, as a trial of his virtue and patience; together with the conferences which he had with his friends on the subject of his misfortunes, and the manner in which he was restored to ease and happiness. This book is filled with those noble, and elevated, and figurative expressions, which constitute the essence of poetry.

Many of the Jewish rabbins pretend that this relation is altogether fictitious; and others think it a simple narrative of a matter of fact just as it happened; whilst a third class of critics acknowledge that the groundwork of the story is true, but that it is written in a poetical strain, and decorated with peculiar circumstances, to render the narrative more profitable as well as entertaining. The time in which Job lived is not mentioned. It has been thought that he was much more ancient than Moses, because the law is never cited by Job or his friends, and because it is related that Job himself offered sacrifices. Some imagine that this book was written by himself; others are of opinion that Job wrote it originally in Syriac or Arabic, and that Moses translated it into Hebrew; but the rabbins generally held that Moses was the author of it, and many Christian writers are of the same opinion.

JOBBER, a person who undertakes jobs, or small pieces of work. In some statutes, jobber is used to signify a person who buys and sells for others. See BROKER.

JOBING, the business of a jobber.

Stock-Jobbing denotes the practice of trafficking in the public funds, or of buying and selling stock with a view to its rise or fall. The term is commonly applied to the illegal practice of buying and selling stock for time, or of accounting for the differences in the rise or fall of any particular stock for a stipulated time, whether the buyer or seller be possessed of any such real stock or not.

JOCKEY, in the management of horses, the person who grooms or rides them. See, on this subject, Horse and Horsemanship.

JOEL, or the Prophecy of Joel, a canonical book of the Old Testament. Joel was the son of Pethuel, and the second of the twelve lesser prophets. The style of this prophet is bold, figurative, and expressive. He upbraids the Israelites for their idolatry, and foretells the calamities which they should suffer as the punishment of that sin; but he endeavours to support them with the comfort that their miseries would have an end upon their reformation and repentance. Some writers, inferring the order of time in which the minor prophets lived from the order in which they are placed in the Hebrew copies, conclude that Joel prophesied before Amos, who was contemporary with Uzziah, king of Judah. Archbishop Usher draws this inference from Joel's foretelling the drought (chap. iv. 7, 8, 9). But if we consider the main design of Joel's prophecy, we shall be apt to conclude that it was uttered after the captivity of the ten tribes; for he directs his discourse to Judah alone, and speaks distinctly of the sacrifices and oblations which were daily offered in the temple.

JOGHIS, a sect of religious persons in the East Indies, who never marry, nor hold any private property, but live on alms, and practise strange severities or mortifications. They are subject to a general, who sends them from one country to another to preach. They are, properly, a kind of penitent pilgrims, and supposed to be a remnant of the ancient Gymnosopists. They principally frequent such places as are consecrated by the devotion of the people, and pretend to live several days together without either eating or drinking. After having gone through a course of discipline for a certain time, they look upon themselves as impeccable, and privileged to do any thing; in consequence of which they give a loose rein to their passions, and run into all manner of debauchery.

JOGUES, or Yugs, certain ages, eras, or periods of extraordinary length in the fabulous chronology of the Hindus. They are (see Halhed's Preface to the Code of Gentoos Laws, p. xxxvi.) four in number, viz.

1. The Suttee Yug, or age of purity, which is said to have lasted three millions two hundred thousand years; and they hold that the life of man was extended in that age to one hundred thousand years, and that his stature was twenty-one cubits.

2. The Tirtah Yug, in which one third of mankind was corrupted, they suppose to have consisted of two millions four hundred thousand years, during which men lived to the age of ten thousand years.

3. The Dwapaar Yug, in which half of the human race became depraved, endured one million six hundred thousand years, during which the life of man was reduced to a thousand years.

4. The Collee Yug, in which all mankind were corrupted, or rather lessened (for that is the true meaning of the word Collee), is the present era, which they suppose ordained to subsist four hundred thousand years, and of which nearly five thousand are already past. The life of man in this period is limited to one hundred years.

Some account has already been given of the Indian chronology (see articles Chronology and Hindustan), and it is therefore unnecessary to recur to the subject in this place. But we may nevertheless subjoin Dr Robertson's observations on the above periods, from the Notes to his Historical Disquisition concerning India. "If," says he, "we suppose the computation of time in the Indian chronology to be made by solar, or even by lunar years, nothing can be more extravagant in itself, or more repugnant to our mode of calculating the duration of the world, founded on sacred and infallible authority. From one circumstance, however, which merits attention, we may conclude that the information which we have hitherto received concerning the chronology of the Hindus is very incorrect. We have, as far as I know, only five original accounts of the different Jogues or eras of the Hindus. The first is given by M. Rogers, who received it from the Brahmins on the Coromandel coast. According to it, the Suttee Jogue is a period of one million seven hundred and twenty-eight thousand years; the Tirtah Jogue is one million two hundred and ninety-six thousand years; the Dwapaar Jogue is eight hundred and sixty-four thousand. The duration of the Collee Jogue he does not specify (Porte Ouvrée, p. 179). The next is that of M. Bernier, who received it from the Brahmins of Benares. According to him, the duration of the Suttee Jogue was two millions five hundred thousand years; that of the Tirtah Jogue, one million two hundred thousand years; that of the Dwapaar Jogue is eight hundred and sixty-four thousand years. Concerning the period of the Collee Jogue he is likewise silent (Voyages, tom. ii. p. 160). The third is that of Colonel Dow; according to which the Suttee Jogue is a period of fourteen millions of years, the Tirtah Jogue one million and eighty thousand, the Dwapaar Jogue seventy-two thousand, and the Collee Jogue thirty-six thousand years (Hist. of Hindost. vol. i. p. 2). The fourth account is that of M. le Gentil, who received it from the Brahmins of the Coromandel coast; and as his information was acquired in the same part of India, and derived from the same source, with that of Mr. Rogers, it agrees with his in every particular (Mém. de l'Académie des Sciences pour 1773, tom. ii. part i. p. 176). The fifth is the account of Mr. Halliday, which has been already given. From this discrepancy, not only of the total numbers, but of many of the articles in the different accounts, it is manifest that our information concerning Indian chronology is hitherto as uncertain as the whole system of it is wild and fabulous. To me it appears highly probable, that when we understand more thoroughly the principles upon which the fictitious eras or jogues of the Hindus have been formed, that we may be more able to reconcile their chronology to the true mode of computing time, founded on the authority of the Old Testament; and may likewise find reason to conclude, that the account given by their astronomers, of the situation of the heavenly bodies at the beginning of the Collee Jogue, is not established by actual observation, but the result of a retrospective calculation.

JOHANNA, or ANJOUAN, more properly Hinzouan. See HINZOUAN.

JOHANN-GEORGENSTADT, a city of the mining district of the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of Freiburg, upon the frontiers of Bohemia. It contains 396 houses, and 3000 inhabitants, who are employed in extracting silver, tin, vitriol, sulphur, iron, and manganese, from the surrounding mines.

JOHANNISBERG, a town of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, near the Rhine, containing about 700 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its wine. The most famous of the vineyards belonged formerly to the prince-bishop of Fulda; but now to Prince Metternich, who has a castle at the town, and is said to derive from his wine an income of L4000 per annum. There is much other wine produced from the neighbourhood, of an excellent quality; but it is estimated lower than that of the prince.

JOHN, Sr., the Baptist, the forerunner of Jesus Christ, was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth. He retired into a desert, where he lived on locusts and wild honey; and about the year 29 began to preach repentance, and to declare the coming of the Messiah. He baptized his disciples, and the following year Christ himself was baptized by him in the river Jordan. Some time afterwards, having reproved Herod Antipas, who carried on a criminal correspondence with Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, he was cast into prison, where he was beheaded. His head was brought to Herodias, who, according to St Jerome, to revenge herself after his death for the freedom of his reproaches, pierced his tongue with the bodkin with which she used to fasten her hair.

Jous, St., the Apostle or Evangelist, was the brother of St James the Great, and the son of Zebedee. He quitted the business of fishing to follow Jesus, and became his beloved disciple. He was witness to the actions and miracles of his Master, was present at his transfiguration on Mount Tabor, and attended him in the garden of olives. He was the only apostle who followed him to the cross, and to him Jesus left the care of his mother. He was also the first apostle who knew him again after his resurrection. He preached the faith in Asia, and principally resided at Ephesus, where he maintained the mother of our Lord. He is believed to have founded the churches of Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea. He is also said to have preached the gospel amongst the Parthians, and to have addressed his first epistle to that people. It is related that, when he was at Rome, the Emperor Domitian caused him to be thrown into a caldron of boiling oil, but that he came out unhurt; upon which he was banished to the isle of Patmos, where he wrote his Apocalypse. After the death of Domitian he returned to Ephesus, where he composed his Gospel, about the year 96; and died there, in the reign of Trajan, about the year 100, at the age of 94.

Gospel of St John, a canonical book of the New Testament, containing a recital of the life, actions, doctrine, and death, of our Saviour Jesus Christ, written by St John the apostle and evangelist. At the desire of the Christians of Asia, St John wrote his Gospel at Ephesus, after his return from the isle of Patmos. St Jerome says he would not undertake it, except upon condition that they should appoint a public fast to implore the assistance of God; and that, the fast being ended, St John, filled with the Holy Ghost, broke out into the words, "In the beginning was the Word," &c. The ancients assign two reasons for this undertaking. The first is, because, in the other three Gospels, there was wanting the history of the beginning of Jesus Christ's preaching till the imprisonment of John the Baptist, which therefore he applied himself particularly to relate. The second is, that it was written in order to remove the errors of the Cerinthians, Ebionites, and other sects. But Mr Lampe and Dr Lardner have urged several reasons to show that St John in his Gospel did not write against Cerinthus, or any other heretic.

Revelation of St John. See APOCALYPSE.

John, St., the name of several small towns, counties, rivers, lakes, bays, creeks, and capes of North and South America, all of which deserving of particular notice will be found described under the heads of the various states or provinces where they occur.

John of Salisbury, bishop of Chartres, in France, was born at Salisbury, in Wiltshire, in the beginning of the twelfth century. Where he received the rudiments of his education is unknown; but we learn, that in the year 1136, being then a youth, he was sent to Paris, where he studied under several eminent professors, and acquired considerable reputation for his application and proficiency in rhetoric, poetry, divinity, and particularly in the learned languages. From Paris he travelled into Italy; and, during his residence at Rome, he rose into high favour with Pope Eugenius III. and his successor Adrian IV. After his return to England, he became the intimate friend and companion of the renowned Thomas-a-Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, whom he attended in his exile; and he is said to have been present when that haughty prelate was murdered in his cathedral. What preferment he obtained in the church during this time does not appear; but in 1176 he was promoted by King Henry II. to the bishopric of Chartres in France, where he died in 1182. This John of Salisbury was one of the first restorers of the Greek and Latin languages in Europe, a classical scholar, a philosopher, a learned divine, and an elegant Latin poet. He wrote several books, the principal of which are, his Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, a collection of Letters, and Polycraticon.

Pope John XII., a native of Cahore, originally called James d'Euse, was well skilled in the civil and canon law, and was elected pope after the death of Clement V., on the 7th of August 1316. He published the constitutions called Clementine, which were framed by his predecessor; and drew up the other constitutions called Extravagantes. When Louis of Bavaria was a candidate for the imperial crown, John XII., opposed him in favour of his competitor; which made much noise, and was attended with fatal consequences. That prince, in 1320, caused the antipope Peter de Corbiero, a Cordelier, to be elected, who took the name of Nicolas V., and was supported by Michael de Cesenne, general of his order; but that antipope was the following year taken and carried to Avignon, where he begged pardon of the pope with a rope about his neck, and died in prison some years afterwards. Under this pope arose the celebrated question among the Cordeliers, called "the bread of the Cordeliers;" which was, whether those monks had the property of the things given them, at the time they were making use of them; that is, whether the bread belonged to them when they were eating it, or to the pope, or to the Roman church. This frivolous dispute gave great employment to the pope, as also did those which turned upon the colour, form, and stuff, of their habits, whether they ought to be white, gray, or black; whether the cowl ought to be pointed or round, large or small; whether their robes should be full, short, or long; of cloth, or of serge. The disputes on these minute trifles were carried so far between the minor brothers, that some of them were burned upon the occasion. Pope John died at Avignon in 1334, aged ninety.

John of Gaunt. See Fordun.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, a renowned general, father of Henry IV., king of England, died in 1438.

John Sobieski of Poland, one of the greatest warriors in the seventeenth century, was, in 1665, made grand-marshal of the crown, and, in 1667, grand-general of the kingdom. The victories he obtained over the Tartars and the Turks procured him the crown, to which he was elected in 1674. He was an encourager of arts and sciences, and the protector of learned men. He died in 1696, at the age of seventy-two.

St John's Day, the name of two Christian festivals; one observed on the 24th of June, in commemoration of the wonderful circumstances attending the birth of St John the Baptist; and the other on the 27th of December, in honour of St John the Evangelist.

JOHN'S ISLAND, an island on the southern coast of Carolina, a little to the south-west of Charleston harbour. It is thirty miles in circumference, and is divided from James' Island by Stono River, which forms a convenient and safe harbour. Long. 80° 10'. W. Lat. 32° 42'. N.

John's, St, the capital of the island of Newfoundland. See NEWFOUNDLAND.

John's, St, or Prince Edward Island, a fine island, situated in the Gulf of St Lawrence, within the longitudes of 62° and 65° W., and the latitudes of 46° and 47° 10' N. It is 140 miles in length, and its greatest breadth is thirty-four miles. From Nova Scotia it is separated by Northumberland Strait, which is nine miles broad between Cape Traverse and Cape Tormentine. Cape Breton lies within twenty-seven miles of the east point; and Cape Ray, the nearest part of Newfoundland, is one hundred and twenty miles distant.

This island was discovered by Cabot on the 24th of June 1497, being St John's day, and hence derived its name. The English, however, neglected to avail themselves of this right of possession; and the French, who appear at first to have entertained more correct views of its importance, took possession of it, when they made the conquest of Canada, apparently without any remonstrance on the part of Britain. For a period of two hundred and thirty-five years it continued attached to the crown of France; and although it cannot be said to have advanced in prosperity with an average degree of celerity, considering the value at which such a possession ought to have been rated, yet the resources of the island had not been overlooked, and would probably have been called into activity, had it not been surrendered to Great Britain in 1758. At that time the population in the various settlements appears not to have amounted to more than 6000. At the peace of 1763, this colony and Cape Breton were annexed to the government of Nova Scotia; and a plan of settlement was agreed to, by which the island was divided into sixty-seven townships, of about 20,000 acres each, granted to individuals who were considered as having claims on the government, and who were to pay a small sum as quit-rent. A reservation was set apart for his majesty, and also for the purposes of religion and education; and the grantees were bound to settle each township within a stipulated period, by a given number of individuals. The plan, however, was unsuccessful, and many of the proprietors disposed of their lands to others who had either not the will or not the power to proceed with the colonization of the island, according to the principle originally fixed upon. In 1768, St John's was erected into a separate government from that of Nova Scotia, at the request of a majority of the proprietors; and a governor was appointed, who set vigorously about settling the island in a proper manner, and who did more in this respect than any other proprietor at that time. The colony obtained a complete constitution in 1773, when the first house of assembly met. During the American war, it continued true to the interests of the mother country, and was resorted to by ships of war, as well as converted into a military station. About the year 1790, two provincial corps were raised for the protection of the island, and three troops of volunteer cavalry were likewise formed. As a mark of respect for the Duke of Kent, commander of the British army in America in 1799, the island was then named Prince Edward Island; a very uncancelled-for change from St John's, its most appropriate designation. Since that period no event has occurred of such moment as to require particular mention here.

This island, without being mountainous, or possessed of romantic scenery, is agreeably diversified by hill and dale; but the level is, in general, never so far deviated from as to interfere with the purposes of agriculture. There are no mountains, properly so called; but a chain of hills intersects the island breadthwise, about its middle. It abounds with streams, and springs of the purest water; and numerous arms of the sea penetrate so far inland that no part of the country is more than eight miles removed from the flux and reflux of the tide. When first seen, it presents the aspect of a flat country, covered with trees to the margin of the ocean; but, on a nearer approach, the more inviting prospect discloses itself, of villages and farms situated in valleys or on green and gentle declivities, with the other smiling features which result from agricultural industry or spontaneous fertility. Almost every part presents beautiful landscape views, especially in summer and autumn, when the forests exhibit an exuberance of rich and splendid foliage. Unlike Cape Breton, Newfoundland, and other contiguous islands, St John's is very rarely visited by fogs; and although the winter be equally severe, the transitions from one extreme to another are less violent. The season of cold is likewise less protracted than it is in Lower Canada, whilst the frost is not so intense, nor the snows so deep. Altogether the climate is very salubrious, and there are few countries where health is enjoyed with less interruption.

The soil consists of a thin layer of black or brown mould, composed of decayed vegetables, superimposed upon a light loam, occasionally of a sandy, and at other times of a clayey character. This extends about one foot downwards, and then a stiff clay, resting upon sand-stone, predominates. The latter rock is the base of the island, and it appears to extend under the bed of Northumberland Strait, into the contiguous islands, and also into the continent. A solitary block of granite occasionally presents itself; but neither limestone, gypsum, nor coal, have been discovered, although their presence was to have been expected from the occurrence of the sandstone formation. Iron has not yet been found, although the soil and the springs are impregnated with it. Red clay, of a superior quality, for bricks, abounds in all parts; and white clay, for potters' use, is found in limited quantities. The soil is fertile, and its quality can be readily ascertained by the nature of the St. John's, St. wood which grows upon it; the richest being that where the maple, beech, black birch, and a mixture of other trees grow; and the less fertile being that where the varieties of the fir tribe are most abundant. There are some unproductive bogs, swamps, and other tracts called barrens; but they bear but a small proportion to the whole surface of the island, and may, by judicious management, be brought under cultivation. The marshes, which are overflowed by the tide, rear a strong, nutritious grass, and, when dyked, yield heavy crops of wheat or hay. Those swamps also which have been drained form excellent meadows. A very considerable proportion of the island must have formerly been covered with pine forests, and some tracts, from which these have disappeared, partake of the character of barrens. Many of these plantations of wood have been destroyed by fires, which have at different periods raged over the island; and in these places white birches, spruce-firs, poplars, and wild cherry-trees, have sprung up. The poplars grow to an immense size, and are very plentiful. There are many other kinds of trees besides, such as beech, maple, dog-wood, alder, Indian pear tree; and most of the shrubs, wild fruits, herbs, and grasses, common to other parts of British North America. Sarsaparilla, ginseng, and probably many other medicinal plants, are plentiful in all parts of the island. Amongst the wild fruits, raspberries, straw-berrys, cran-berrys, which are very large, blueberries, and whortle-berrys, are exceedingly abundant.

Amongst the quadrupeds native to the island may be mentioned bears, once very numerous and destructive, but now much reduced; loup-cerviers, a deadly enemy of sheep; foxes and hares, which are both numerous; otters, martens, and musk-rats, now rarely met with, from having been long hunted for their skins; varieties of the squirrel in great abundance; and a few weasels and ermines. During spring, summer, and autumn, seals frequent the shores; and walrusses were at one time annual visitants, but they have now entirely disappeared. Partridges and wild pigeons are plentiful, and, as well as hares, are free for any person to kill, no game-laws existing. In spring and autumn, wild geese, ducks, and other water-fowl, are abundant. The reptiles and insects do not require particular notice. The rivers abound with excellent fish, such as trout, eel, mackerel, flounders, oysters, lobsters, the two latter being very large and very fine; and the coast with cod-fish and herrings in great abundance.

Prince Edward Island is essentially an agricultural colony, for which its climate, soil, and the configuration of its surface, admirably adapt it. All kinds of grain and vegetables raised in England arrive at perfection. Crop after crop of wheat springs up without manuring; the barley is excellent, and the oats much superior to any other of American growth. The potatoes and turnips cannot be anywhere excelled in quality, and peas and beans are equally good. Cabbage, carrots, parsnips, and, indeed, all culinary vegetables, thrive as well here as in English gardens. Various fruits are also cultivated, such as cherries, plums, damsons, and the like. Flax, of excellent quality, is raised and wrought into fabrics by private individuals. Hemp grows, but not to such perfection as in other places. The climate is particularly favourable to sheep, and they are exempt from those diseases common to the animal in this country. Black cattle are good, but small; swine thrive well; as also do horses and milk-cows. The breed of useful animals generally has been much improved of late years; and agriculture, by the fostering care of the governor, has recently made decided advances. Such being the natural resources and advantages of this colony, it appears to be admirably adapted for industrious emigrants with small capitals. Before adverting to the trade of the island, it will be necessary to speak of the principal settlements, and its division into three counties, viz. Queen's, King's, and Prince's Counties. These are again divided into parishes, the whole being subdivided into sixty-seven townships, containing about 20,000 acres each. The ground for a town, containing about 400 building lots, with the same number of pasture lots, are reserved in each county. These are, George Town in King's County, Charlotte Town in Queen's County, and Prince Town in Prince's County.

Queen's County contains five parishes, namely, Grenville, Charlotte, Bedford, Hillsborough, and St. John's, and comprehends an area of 486,400 acres in the centre of the island. The north coast of this county possesses few harbours, except for smaller vessels; but it is extremely picturesque. On the south shore is Hillsborough Bay, at the bottom of which, and at the confluence of the three rivers Hillsborough, York, and Elliott, Charlotte Town, the capital of the island, and the seat of government, is situated. Its harbour is considered as one of the best and most secure in the Gulf of St Lawrence, though not more than half a mile wide at the entrance. Within this point it widens into a spacious basin, and then branches into three beautiful and navigable rivers. The harbour is protected by several batteries, and it could easily be put into such a state of defence as to secure the town from any attack from the seaward. The town is advantageously situated on ground which rises gradually to a moderate height above the level of the sea. It is regularly laid out, the streets being broad, and intersecting each other at right angles, five or six vacancies being left for squares. There are about three hundred and fifty dwelling-houses, many of them handsomely finished. The public buildings are, the courthouse, in which the court of chancery, as well as the court of judicature, are held, and in which the legislative assembly likewise sit; the Episcopal church, the new Scotch church, and the Catholic and the Methodist chapels. The barracks are pleasantly situated near the water, and a neat parade or square occupies the space between those of the officers and privates. On the west side of the harbour lies the Fort or Warren Farm, the most beautiful situation on the island. No place could have been more judiciously selected as a site for the metropolis, than that which has been chosen for Charlotte Town. It is situated almost in the centre of the county, and of easy access, either by water, or by the different roads leading to it from the various other settlements. Indeed there is a maritime communication with a considerable portion of the island by means of the three rivers near the confluence of which it stands. The population amounts to about 3400. Twenty miles west of Charlotte Town, and nearly opposite to Baie de Verts, or Green Bay, in Nova Scotia, stands Tryon village, one of the most populous and pleasant places in the island. A serpentine river winds through it, on the banks of which are well-cultivated farms. The tide flows up about two miles; but, from a dangerous bar at its mouth, the harbour will only admit small vessels. On the north coast of this county is New London, in the district of Grenville Bay. The harbour of New London, though safe and convenient, will not admit vessels drawing more than twelve feet of water. The bar is sheltered during northerly winds by Cape Tryon, three miles to the north. The lands on the west side of this harbour have long been cultivated; and there was formerly an extensive fishing establishment erected here, but circumstances occurred to interrupt its prosperity. Harrington, or Grand Rustico Bay, has two entrances, and a harbour for small brigs and schooners. Here are two villages inhabited by Acadian French. The surrounding parts of the bay have been populous settled, chiefly by emigrants from Scotland. To the east of Grand Rustico, are Brackly, and Little Rustico, or Stanhope Cove, esteemed two of the finest settlements on the island. Still further east is Bedford, or Tracadie Bay, at which there is a small harbour for schooners and John's, St. small brigs. On the opposite side of the island is Belfast district, which includes the villages of Great and Little Belfast, Orwell, and Point Prince, together with various settlements. The soil here is excellent, and heavy crops are raised, the surplus of which is exported.

King's County, on the east side of the island, is divided into four parishes, viz. East, St Patrick, St George's, and St Andrew's, the whole comprising 412,000 acres. The first, as its name signifies, occupies the whole eastern point of the island, and is destitute of a harbour on its north shore, which is called the District of the Capes. The inhabitants are principally from the west of Scotland and the Hebrides, and they have chiefly applied themselves to agriculture. Owing to the abundant supplies of sea-weed which they possess, they manure the land well, and raise valuable crops, particularly of barley and wheat. Colville, Rollo, Fortune, and Broughton Bays, are small harbours with thriving settlements. St Patrick's parish has a good bay for small vessels on the north shore, called St Peter's, about nine miles long. The settlements on each side are in a flourishing and rapidly improving condition. St Andrew's parish has Murray Harbour and river in it. The former is well sheltered, but of difficult access. Ship-building is carried on here to some extent, and the surrounding country is rapidly improving. George Town, or Three Rivers, is situated in the parish of St George's, on the south-east part of the island. It possesses an excellent and safe harbour, at the junction of three fine rivers, and is well calculated for being the centre of any trade carried on within the Gulf of St Lawrence. Excellent fishing-grounds lie in its vicinity; and at certain seasons of the year herrings enter it in large shoals. The contiguous settlements are rapidly improving, the settlers turning their attention more to agriculture than formerly. Ship-building is carried on here, and a considerable quantity of timber has been exported within the last five-and-twenty years.

Prince's County contains five parishes, namely, North, Egmont, Halifax, Richmond, and St David's, and comprises an area of 467,000 acres. This county possesses several very fine harbours, particularly on the north side, that of Richmond Bay being the largest. This bay is ten miles in depth and nine miles in breadth; and although the centre part is unsheltered, there are several inlets perfectly safe from all winds, with from three to four fathoms of good anchorage.

Six beautiful islands lie within or across the bay, three of which have an area of 500 acres of good land. Lennox John Island is the principal rendezvous of the Micmac Indians, once a powerful people, but, like the other aboriginal tribes of the west, now reduced to a mere handful by the arts and the arms of their white subjugators. They profess the Roman Catholic faith, and have here a burying-ground and chapel, where they assemble for a few weeks in summer. A number of townships abut on Richmond Bay, which has a highly advantageous water communication along the coast. It is well situated for cod and herring fisheries, and has afforded several cargoes of timber, as well as vessels built upon the spot, for the English market. The settlers here are principally Scotch, and are, generally speaking, a moral and orderly class of people. To the west of Richmond Bay is Holland Harbour, or Cuscumpic, a safe and convenient place of anchorage. The lands around it are well adapted for agriculture; and this place also, by its advantageous situation, is well calculated for extensive fishing establishments. It is the most convenient port in the island for loading timber, where there is a very large quantity; it has also a saw-mill for cutting plank or board.

The population consists of Acadian French and some English families. From Holland Bay to the north-west point (in 47° 7' north latitude) of the island, a distance of twenty-four miles, the coast is low and sandy, as is likewise the case from North Cape, down towards the West Cape, on the south coast, which forms the western entrance of Egmont Bay. This bay is sixteen miles broad, from the west point to Cape Egmont, and about ten deep. There is no harbour for large vessels within it, and it is by no means very inviting for strange vessels. The inhabitants in this part are chiefly Acadian French, who live in three small thriving villages on the east side of the bay. Farther to the east lies Halifax, or Bedeque Bay, which has a well-sheltered harbour. The shores are populously settled, and there are two or three ship-building establishments here.

When this island was in possession of the French, little commerce was carried on by the inhabitants; but when it came into the hands of the British, a small trade commenced in the articles of fish, oil, sea-cow skins, and sealskins, which were exported to various parts of the North American continent. Since that period the trade has very materially increased. The following tables show the present state of the commercial and shipping interests of the island.

### Vessels which have cleared Inwards and Outwards during the Years 1833 and 1834.

| Year ended 5th January 1833 | Year ended 5th January 1834 | |-----------------------------|-----------------------------| | | Inwards. | Outwards. | | | No. | Tons. | Men. | No. | Tons. | Men. | No. | Tons. | Men. | No. | Tons. | Men. | | United Kingdom | 19 | 3880 | 171 | 20 | 3793 | 178 | 16 | 3251 | 151 | 19 | 3360 | 159 | | British West Indies, including Demerara, Berbice, and Bermuda | 2 | 78 | 7 | 6 | 415 | 29 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 2 | 178 | 11 | | British North America, including Newfoundland | 251 | 10522 | 653 | 287 | 14224 | 770 | 344 | 14214 | 850 | 368 | 18069 | 1065 | | United { British vessels, Foreign ditto } | 2 | 169 | 12 | 2 | 130 | 7 | 1 | 138 | 8 | ... | ... | ... | | St Pierre's | 3 | 133 | 6 | 3 | 118 | 6 | 1 | 61 | 3 | 1 | 61 | 3 | | Total | 277 | 14782 | 849 | 318 | 18680 | 990 | 363 | 17699 | 1016 | 390 | 21668 | 1238 |

There is also a respectable trade in ship-building carried on in the colony. During the year 1833 there were thirty-two vessels launched and registered, having in the aggregate a tonnage of 4006. The number of vessels that fisheries have not been more attended to. The her- John's St. ring fishery is the most important; immense shoals of these fish arrive on the coast early in spring, and can be taken in any quantity. Cod, mackerel, and other fish, may likewise be caught in abundance. In short, were more attention paid to the fisheries, they would add much to the value of property on the island. Agriculture, however, is not neglected, as will be seen by the following table, showing the quantity of

Goods exported in the Year ending 5th January 1833.

| Articles Exported | Great Britain | British West Indies | British North American Colonies | Total Sterling | |-------------------|---------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|---------------| | Oats, 65,747½ bushels | 236 | 360 | 3,586 | 4,185 | | Barley, 15,262 ditto | 117 | ... | 1,612 | 1,849 | | Wheat, 9,585½ ditto | 2,367 | ... | 199 | 2,566 | | Flour, 6434 barrels | ... | ... | 819 | 819 | | Oatmeal, 547 do. 1 pun | 42 | 4 | 807 | 854 | | Beef, 57 ditto | ... | ... | 137 | 137 | | Pork, 290 ditto, and 13 pun | ... | ... | 621 | 621 | | Dry fish, 1058 quintals | ... | 10 | 523 | 534 | | Pickled fish, 302½ barrels | ... | ... | 255 | 255 | | Timber, 4601½ tons | 3500 | ... | 142 | 3,643 | | Lathwood, 170 cords | 161 | ... | ... | 161 | | Spars, 375 do | 47 | ... | 85 | 133 | | Staves, 363 M | 77 | 57 | 28 | 163 | | Boards and planks, 1,305,767 feet | 170 | 263 | 2,316 | 2,749 | | Shingles, 1445 M | ... | 49 | 351 | 400 | | Cattle, 547 head | ... | ... | 931 | 931 | | Sheep, 813 do | ... | ... | 346 | 346 | | Hogs, 63 do | ... | ... | 33 | 33 | | Turnips, 2150 bushels | ... | ... | 107 | 107 | | Potatoes, 82,720½ ditto | ... | ... | 4,100 | 4,100 | | Sundries | 295 | 94 | 6,466 | 7,144 |

The total amount of imports during the same year was £70,068. The items were severally thus in the return:

- Brandy ........................................... L443 - Cordage ........................................... 2,189 - Dry goods, consisting of bales, cases, casks, trunks, boxes, and bundles .................................. 19,423 - Nails .............................................. 1,248 - Molasses ......................................... 1,517 - Sail-cloth ........................................ 1,123 - Salt .................................................. 734 - Stationery ........................................ 181 - Soap ................................................ 659 - Sugar ............................................... 2,164 - Rum .................................................. 8,355 - Tea .................................................. 4,894 - Tobacco ............................................ 1,369 - Wine ................................................ 966 - Iron .................................................. 685 - Sundries ........................................... 24,109

The returns for 1834 show a decided increase in trade, especially that which is dependent upon the cultivation of the soil. But of course the commerce of the island is as yet in its infancy. The following is a statistical view of the island, according to a return made under the authority of the act Will. IV. cap. 7, A.D. 1834, viz.

- Townships ....................................... 67 - Acres of land occupied ......................... 382,301 - Acres of improved land ditto ................. 89,757

Cows owned ........................................ 13,185 Oxen ditto .......................................... 3,267 Other kinds of neat cattle ....................... 12,624 Horses ................................................ 5,866 Sheep .................................................. 48,076 Hogs .................................................. 19,864 Bushels of wheat .................................. 121,032 barley .................................................. 37,300 oats ................................................... 246,049 potatoes .............................................. 1,208,766 Grist mills ........................................... 44 Saw mills ............................................. 29

The total annual product of property has been estimated at the sum of £1,146,336; the total moveable property at £2,056,342; and the total immoveable property at £1,305,000.

The constitution of this island, like that of the other islands in this quarter, is similar to the government of Britain, and in all civil matters is independent of any jurisdiction in America. The king is represented by a lieutenant-governor, who is also chancellor of the court of chancery. There is a council, consisting generally of twelve members elected by the king's mandamus, and which acts in an executive as well as legislative capacity; and a house of assembly of eighteen members elected by the people, and who manage their affairs after the manner of the British House of Commons. The chief-justice and attorney-general are appointed by the king, and the local government annually nominate the high sheriff. All John's, St. criminal and civil matters of importance are tried in the supreme court of judicature, by a jury of twelve men. Magistrates and justices of peace take cognizance of smaller matters. The laws by which justice and good government are dispensed and secured are the same as those of England.

In financial matters the island is thus situated. When the soil was originally granted by government to various proprietors, the conditions of the settlement were, that a certain sum should be paid as quit-rent, amounting on an average to about four shillings and sixpence for each hundred acres. But this sum not being regularly paid, government agreed to accept of a composition; and this arrangement, by freeing the land from heavy claims, imparted a new stimulus to the island. In 1833 it was agreed upon by the house of assembly to address his majesty, offering to provide the whole civil expenses of the island, and asking in return that the crown would resign its claim to the quit-rents, and accept of a substitute of 4s. 6d. for every hundred acres in a township. At the same time it was stipulated that a civil list should be granted to the crown, so as to render the governor, judge, and other functionaries, independent of the annual votes of the house. The fate of this proposal is as yet undecided. St John's is one of those colonial islands which, from their native resources not having been sufficiently called forth, is at present of equivocal value to the mother country, in as far as revenue is concerned. The revenue has not always kept pace with the expenditure, as in 1833, when the former amounted to £7,684, and the latter to £13,759; yet the deficit is to be accounted for by additional outlays for erecting public edifices, and for other useful or necessary purposes. Besides, there was a considerable balance, the remainder of former years; and an issue of treasury notes was made to meet the exigency, a redemption of these being anticipated from the new act levying an assessment upon land. Various causes have contributed to occasion a reduction in the amount of impost duty, such as the failure of crops, and the advanced prices of foreign articles; but such interruptions to prosperity are not likely to remain permanent. With respect to the monetary system, the weights and measures are the same as in England. The dollar is estimated at four shillings and sixpence, and thus becomes five shillings currency; the guinea is £1. 3s. 4d.; and the other coins are in proportion. The paper currency at present in circulation is supposed to be about £20,000. There is no banking establishment in the island, which is a material drawback to its prosperity.

The established religion of the colony is the Episcopalian, but the members of the church of Scotland and of that of Rome are supposed to be the most numerous. There are several missionary establishments, and the inhabitants generally are very much awake to the interests of religion, as is shown by the efforts which they have made for its dissemination, as well as that of its powerful auxiliary, education. There is at Charlotte Town a very respectable grammar-school, another on the Madras system, and there are others in most of the settlements for elementary instruction, government devoting a sum for their support. In all, there are seventy-four schools, attended by 2,276 scholars. There are two well-conducted newspapers, one of which is published in Charlotte Town, where there is also a public subscription-library on a respectable footing.

We have no data by which to form a correct estimate of the progressive increase of the population. When taken from the French, the island, as we have seen, was supposed to contain about 6,000 Acadians. By the census of 1833, the males were in number 15,129, and the females 13,795, making a total population of 28,925; which is an increase since 1827 of 8,274. Natives of Scotland constitute more than one half of the whole population; those from the Hebrides are best suited to the island. The Acadian French are estimated at about 5,000; but of the Micmac or native Indians, once so numerous, there remain probably not more than thirty families on the island.

JOHN'S, St., one of the Virgin Islands in the West Indies, belonging to Denmark. It is five miles in length by one in breadth, and is situated about thirty-six miles to the east of Porto Rico, and six miles south of the island of St Thomas. It is well watered, and possesses an excellent harbour; but the land in general is of little value, and the exports are trifling. It contains a population of 2,430, of whom only 180 are whites. Long. 64° 32'. W. Lat. 18° 7' N.