a tract of ground passed over in travelling by land, properly as much as may be passed in one day.

JOURNEYMAN, properly one who works by the day only; but the word is now used for any one who works under a master, either by the day, the year, or the piece.

JOVIAN, the Roman emperor, elected by the army after the death of Julian the Apostate, in 363. He at first refused to assume the purple, saying he would not command idolatrous soldiers; but, upon an assurance that they would embrace Christianity, he accepted the throne, and immediately shut all the pagan temples. But he did not long enjoy the dignity to which his merit had raised him, having been suffocated in his bed by the fumes of a fire which had been made to dry the chamber. This happened A.D. 364, in the thirty-third year of his age, and the eighth month of his reign. See CONSTANTINOPLE.

JOVIUS, PAUL, in Italian Giorio, a celebrated historian, was born at Como, in Italy, in the year 1483. As his father died in his infancy, he was educated by his eldest brother Benedict Jovius, under whom he became well skilled in classical learning; and then went to Rome for the sake of enjoying the benefit of the Vatican library. He there wrote his first work, De Piscibus Romanis, which he dedicated to Cardinal Louis of Bourbon. For many years he received a pension of five hundred crowns from Francis I. king of France, whose favour he secured by his flatteries. But, in the following reign, having disgusted the Constable Montmorency, his name was struck out of the list of pensioners. Jovius, however, did not suffer his spirits to sink under his misfortune. He had obtained a high reputation in the learned world by his writings; and having always showed great respect to the house of Medicis, on whose praises he had expatiated in his works, he applied to Clement VII. and obtained the bishoprick of Nocera. His principal production is his History, which is that of his own time, beginning with 1494, and extending to the year 1544. The composition of this work constituted the chief business of his life. For he formed the plan of it in the year 1515, and continued to labour upon it till his death, which happened at Florence in 1552. It is printed in three volumes folio. Jovius is allowed to have been a man of wit as well as learning; he was master of a polished style, and has made many curious observations; but being a venal writer, his statements are not much credited.

JOY, in Ethics, is that passion which is produced by love, regarding its object as present, either immediately or in prospect, in reality or imagination. The operation of joy sometimes affects the functions of the body, by increasing the secretion of perspiration, and otherwise.

JUAN FERNANDEZ, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about one hundred and ten leagues west of Chili, of which it may be considered an appendage, the governor of it being appointed by the president of that republic. It is about twelve miles in length, and hardly six in breadth; but, though small, it is so diversified by lofty hills, streams, and varied vegetation, that it has been described as one of the most enchanting spots upon the sea. It abounds with excellent timber trees, amongst which are the sandal, the yellow wood, and the chonta, a species of palm, which produces a pleasant fruit. It is noted for the refreshments it has afforded to navigators, from its wild goats, vegetables, and water. This island was discovered by Juan Fernandez, from whom it derived its name, and was early settled from the continent of South America. After the death of the discoverer it was deserted, but subsequently the Spaniards made a permanent establishment on it, and settled the port called Juan Fernandez on the south-west coast. There is another port lying to the south, which is called English Harbour, from the circumstance of its having given shelter to Anson's squadron during his celebrated voyage round the world. It was also early noted for having been the solitary residence for several years of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch mariner, who was cast away upon it; an event upon which, as is well known, De Foe founded his celebrated narrative of Robinson Crusoe. Long. 78. 58. 15. W. Lat. 33. 40. 0. S.

Juan de Ulloa, or the island of Sacrifices, is an island on the west coast of Mexico, in the bay of Vera Cruz. It was first visited by Grijalva, who gave it its name from having found on it a temple in which a human sacrifice had been offered up the day previous to his landing. It is now a mere heap of sand, but there are vestiges of ruins upon it; and when Humboldt was in this quarter of the world, one wretched Indian family constituted its only inhabitants.