hus spent the greater part of the summer in examining this arctic region, and those mountains on which, four years afterwards, the French philosophers secured immortal fame to Sir Isaac Newton. At length, after having suffered incredible fatigues and hardships, in climbing precipices, passing rivers in miserable boats, suffering repeated vicissitudes of heat and cold, and not unfrequently hunger and thirst, he returned to Torneo in September. He did not take the same route from Torneo as when he set out for Lapland, having determined to visit and examine the country on the eastern side of the Bothnian Gulf. His first stage, therefore, was to Ula in East Bothnia, and thence to Old and New Carlebay, eighty-four miles south from Ula. He continued his route through Wasa, Christianstad, and Björneborg, to Åbo, a small university in Finland. Winter was now setting in apace; he therefore crossed the gulf by the island of Åland, and arrived at Upsala in November, after having performed, mostly on foot, a journey of ten degrees of latitude in extent, exclusively of those deviations which such a design rendered necessary.

In 1733 he visited and examined the several mines in Sweden, and made himself so well acquainted with mineralogy and the docimastic art, that he was sufficiently qualified to give lectures on these subjects upon his return to the university. The outlines of his system of mineralogy appeared in the early editions of the *Systema Naturae*; but he did not exemplify the whole until the year 1768.

In the year 1734 Linnaeus was sent by Baron Reuterholm, governor of Dalecarlia, with several other naturalists in that province, to investigate the physical productions of that part of the Swedish dominions; and it was in this journey that he first laid the plan of an excellent institution, which was afterwards executed, in a certain degree at least, by himself, with the assistance of many of his pupils, and the result published under the title of *Pan Suecicus*, in the second volume of the *Amenitatis Academicae*.

After the completion of this expedition, it appears that Linnaeus resided for a time at Falun, the principal town in Dalecarlia, where he tells us that he taught mineralogy and the docimastic art, and practised physic; and where he was very hospitably treated by Dr More, the physician of the place. It also appears that he contracted at this time an intimacy with one of that gentleman's daughters, whom he married about five years afterwards, upon his settling as a physician at Stockholm. In this journey he extended his travels quite across the Dalecarlian Alps into Norway; but we have no particular account of his discoveries in that kingdom. In 1735 Linnaeus travelled over many other parts of Sweden, some parts of Denmark and Germany, and fixed in Holland, where he chiefly resided until his return to Stockholm, about the year 1739. In 1735, the year in which he took the degree of doctor of physic, he published the first sketch of his *Systema Naturae*, in a very compendious way, and in the form of tables, only in twelve pages in folio. By this it appears that he had at a very early period of his life, certainly before he was twenty-four years of age, laid the basis of that great structure which he afterwards raised, not only to the increase of his own fame, but to that of natural science.

In 1736 Linnaeus arrived in England, and visited Dr Dillenius, the learned professor at Oxford, whom he justly considered as one of the first botanists in Europe. He mentions with particular respect the civilities he received from Dillenius, and the privileges he gave him of inspecting his own and the Sherardian collections of plants. It is needless to say, that he visited Dr Martyn, Mr Rand, and Mr Miller, and that he was in a more singular manner indebted to the friendship of Dr Isaac Lawson. He also contracted an intimate friendship with Mr Peter Collinson, which was reciprocally increased by a multitude of good offices, and continued to the last without any diminution. Dr Boerhaave had furnished him with letters to Sir Hans Sloane; but these, it seems, did not procure him the reception which the warmth of his recommendation appeared to claim.

One of the most agreeable circumstances that happened to Linnaeus during his residence in Holland, arose from the patronage of Mr Clifford, in whose house he lived a considerable part of his time, being now as it were the child of fortune. *Exsic patria triginta sex numinis aureis dices*, are his own words. With Mr Clifford, however, he enjoyed pleasures and advantages scarcely at that time to be met with elsewhere in the world; that of a garden excellently stored with the finest exotics, and a library furnished with almost every botanic author of note. How happy he found himself in this situation, those only who have felt the same kind of ardour can conceive. Whilst in Holland, Linnaeus was recommended by Boerhaave to fill the place, then vacant, of physician to the Dutch settlement at Surinam; but he declined it on account of his having been educated in so opposite a climate.

Besides being favoured with the particular patronage and friendship of Boerhaave and Mr Clifford, as has already been mentioned, he had also the pleasure of being contemporary with, and of reckoning amongst the number of his friends, many other learned persons who have since proved ornaments to their profession, and whose merit has most deservedly raised them to fame and honour. Amongst these may be mentioned Dr John Burmann, professor of botany at Amsterdam, whose name and family are well known in the republic of letters, and to whom our author dedicated his *Bibliotheca Botanica*, having been greatly assisted in compiling that work, by the free access he enjoyed to that gentleman's excellent library; John Frederick Gronovius of Leyden, editor of Clayton's *Flora Virginica*, and who very early adopted Linnaeus's system; Baron Van Swieten, physician to the empress-queen; Isaac Lawson, afterwards one of the physicians to the British army, who died much regretted, at Oosterhout, in the year 1747, and from whom Linnaeus received singular and most obliging civilities; Kramer, well known for an excellent treatise on the docimastic art; Van Royen, botanic professor at Leyden; and Lieberkun of Berlin, famous for his skill in microscopical instruments and experiments. To these may also be added the names of Albinius and Gaubius, and of others, were it requisite to show that our author's talents had very early rendered him conspicuous, and gained him the regard of all those who cultivated and patronized any branch of medical science; and to which, doubtless, the singular notice with which Boerhaave had honoured him did not a little contribute.

Early in the year 1738, after Linnaeus had left Mr Clifford, and, as it should seem, when he resided with Van Royen, he had a long and dangerous attack of sickness; and upon his recovery went to Paris, where he was kindly entertained by the Jussieus, at that time the first botanists in France. The opportunity this gave him of inspecting the *Herbaria* of Royen and Tournefort, and those of the above-named gentlemen, afforded him great satisfaction. He had intended to proceed from thence into Germany, to visit Ludwig and Haller, with whom he was in close correspondence; but he was not able to complete this part of his intended route, and was obliged to return without this gratification.

Our author did not fail to avail himself of the advantages which access to the several museums of this country afforded him, in every branch of natural history; and the number and importance of his publications, during his absence from his native country, sufficiently demonstrate that fund of knowledge which he must have imbibed before, and no less testify his extraordinary application. These were, *Systematis Naturae*, *Fundamenta Botanica*, *Bibliotheca Botanica*, and *Genera Plantarum*; the last of which is justly considered as the most valuable of all the works of this celebrated author. The immense application bestowed upon it the reader may easily conceive, when he is informed, that before the publication of the first edition the author had examined the characters of eight thousand flowers. The last book of Linnaeus's composition, published during his stay in Holland, was the *Classes Plantarum*, which is a copious illustration of the second part of the *Fundamenta*.

About the latter end of the year 1738, or the begin- Linnaeus, of the next, Linnaeus settled as a physician at Stockholm, where he seems to have met with considerable opposition, and was oppressed by many difficulties; but all of these he at length overcame, and got into extensive practice; and, soon after his settlement, married the lady before mentioned. By the interest of Count Tessin, who was afterwards his great patron, and even procured medals to be struck in honour of him, he obtained the rank of physician to the fleet, and a stipend from the citizens for giving lectures in botany. And what at this time especially was highly favourable to the advancement of his character and fame, by giving him an opportunity of displaying his abilities, was the establishment of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, of which Linnaeus was constituted the first president, and to which the king granted several privileges, particularly that of free postage to all papers directed to the secretary. By the rules of the academy, the president held his place but three months. At the expiration of that term, Linnaeus made his Oratio de memorabilibus in Insectis, on the 3d of October 1739; in which he endeavours to excite an attention and inquiry into the knowledge of insects, by displaying the many singular phenomena that occur in contemplating the nature of those animals, and by pointing out, in a variety of instances, their usefulness to mankind in particular, and to the economy of nature in general.

During all this time, however, Linnaeus appears to have had his eye fixed upon the botanical and medical chair at Upsala, then occupied by Rudbeck, who was far advanced in life. We learn indeed that he was so intent on pursuing and perfecting his great designs in the advancement of his favourite study of nature, that he had determined, if he failed in procuring the professorship at Upsala, to accept the offer which had been made to him by Haller, of filling the botanic chair at Göttingen. However, in course of time, he obtained his wish. In the year 1741, upon the resignation of Roberg, he was constituted joint professor of physic, and physician to the king, with Rosen, who had been appointed in the preceding year on the death of Rudbeck. These two colleagues agreed to divide the medical departments between them; and their choice was confirmed by the university. Rosen took anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the therapeutic part; Linnaeus, natural history, botany, materia medica, dietetics, and the diagnosis morborum.

During the interval of his removal from Stockholm to Upsala, in consequence of this appointment, our professor was deputed by the states of the kingdom to make a tour to the islands of Oeland and Gothland in the Baltic, attended by six of the pupils, commissioned to make such inquiries as might tend to improve agriculture and arts in the kingdom, to which the Swedish nation had for some time paid particular attention. The result of this journey was very successful, and having proved fully satisfactory to the states, was afterwards communicated to the public. On his return he entered upon the professorship, and on the 17th of October pronounced before the university his oration de Peregrinationum intra Patriam necessitate, in which he forcibly displays the usefulness of such excursions, by pointing out to the students that vast field of objects which their country held out to their cultivation, whether in geography, physics, mineralogy, botany, zoology, or economics, and by showing the benefit that must accrue to themselves and their country as rewards of their diligence. The animated spirit which pervades the whole of this composition renders it one of the most pleasing and instructive of all our author's productions.

Linnaeus was now fixed in the situation which was the best adapted to his character, his taste, and abilities; and which seems to have been the object of his ambition and the centre of his hopes. Soon after his establishment, he laboured to get the academical garden, which had been founded in 1657, put upon a better footing, and very soon effected it, procuring also a house to be built for the residence of the professor. The whole had been in ruins ever since the fire in 1702; and at the time Linnaeus was appointed professor of botany, the garden did not contain above fifty plants that were exotic. His correspondence with the first botanists in Europe soon supplied him with great variety. He received Indian plants from Jussieu of Paris, and from Van Royen of Leyden; European plants from Haller and Ludwig; American plants from Mr Collinson, Mr Catesby and others; and a variety of annuals from Dillenius; in short, how much the garden owed to his diligence and care in a few years, may be seen by the catalogue published under the title of Hortus Upsaliensis, exhibens plantas exoticas horto Upsaliensi Academiae a seculo (Linnaeo) illatas ab anno 1742, in annum 1748, additis differentiis synonymis, habitationibus, hospitii, rariorumque descriptionibus, in gratiam studiosae juventutis, Holm, 1748, 8vo. By this catalogue it appears that the professor had introduced eleven hundred species, exclusively of all the Swedish plants and varieties, which, in ordinary gardens, amount not unfrequently to one third of the whole number. The preface contains a curious history of the climate at Upsala, and the progress of the seasons throughout the whole year.

From the time that Linnaeus and Rosen were appointed professors at Upsala, it should seem that the credit of that university, as a school of physic, had been increasing: numbers of students resorted thither from Germany, attracted by the character of these two able men; and in Sweden itself many young men were invited to the study of physic by the excellent manner in which it was taught, who otherwise would have engaged in different pursuits.

Whilst Linnaeus was meditating one of his capital performances, which had long been expected and greatly wished for, he was interrupted by a tedious and painful attack of the gout, which left him in a very weak and dispirited state; and, according to the intelligence which his friends gave of him, nothing was thought to have contributed more to the restoration of his spirits than the seasonable acquisition, at this juncture, of a collection of rare and undescribed plants.

The fame which our author had now acquired by his Systema Naturae, of which a sixth edition, much enlarged, had been published at Stockholm in 1748, in 8vo, with eight tables explanatory of the classes and orders, had brought, as it were, a conflux of every thing rare and valuable in every branch of nature, from all parts of the globe, into Sweden. The king and queen of Sweden had their separate collections of rarities, the former at Ulriksdahl, and the latter, very rich in exotic insects and shells, procured at a great expense, at the palace of Drottningholm, both of which our author was employed in arranging and describing. Besides these, the museum of the Royal Academy of Upsala had been augmented by a considerable donation from the king, whilst hereditary prince, in 1746, by another from Count Gyllenborg the year before, and by a third from M. Grill, an opulent citizen of Stockholm.

From this time the professor appeared in a more elevated rank and situation in life. His reputation had already procured him honours from almost all the royal societies in Europe; and his own sovereign, sensible of his merit, and greatly esteeming his character and abilities, favoured him with a mark of his distinction and regard, by creating him a knight of the polar star. With science, it was no longer laudatur et alget. His emoluments kept pace with his fame and honours; his practice in his profession became lucrative; and we find him soon after possessed of a country-house and gardens at Hammarby, about Linnaeus five miles from Upsala. He had moreover received one of the most flattering testimonies of the extent and magnitude of his fame that perhaps was ever shown to any literary character; the state of the nation which conferred it, and all its circumstances, being duly considered. This was an invitation to Madrid from the king of Spain, there to preside as a naturalist, with the offer of an annual pension for life of two thousand pistoles, letters of nobility, and the perfect free exercise of his own religion. But, after the most perfect acknowledgments of the singular honour done him, he respectfully answered, "that if he had any merits, they were due to his own country."

In the year 1755, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm honoured our professor with one of the first premiums, agreeably to the will of Count Sparree, who had decreed two gold medals, of ten ducats value each, to be annually given by the academy to the authors of such papers, in the preceding year's Stockholm Acts, as should be adjudged most useful in promoting agriculture particularly, and all branches of rural economy. This medal bore on one side the arms of the count, with this motto, *Superstes in scientiis amor Frederici Sparree.* Linnaeus obtained it in consequence of a paper *De plantis quae Alpium Suecicarum indigene, magno rei economicae et medicae emolumento fieri possint,* and the ultimate intention was to recommend these plants as adapted to culture in Lapland. This paper was inserted in the Stockholm Acts for 1754 (vol. xvi.). Linnaeus also obtained the *premium centum aureorum,* proposed by the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St Petersburg, for the best paper written to establish or disprove, by new arguments, the doctrine of the sexes of plants. It was, if possible, an additional glory to Linnaeus to have merited this premium from the St Petersburg Academy, inasmuch as a professor of that society, a few years before, had with more than common zeal, although with a futility like that of the other antagonists of our author, endeavoured to overturn the whole Linnaean system of botany, by attempting to show that the doctrine of the sexes of plants had no foundation in nature, and was unsupported by facts and experiments.

It appears that Linnaeus, upon the whole, enjoyed a good constitution; but that he was sometimes severely afflicted with a *hemiceraria,* and was not exempted from the gout. About the close of 1776, he was seized with an apoplexy, which left him paralytic; and at the beginning of the year 1777, he suffered another attack, which very much impaired his mental powers. But the disease supposed to have been the more immediate cause of his death, was an ulceration of the urinary bladder, of which, after a tedious indisposition, he died, on the 11th of January 1778, in the seventy-first year of his age. His principal other works, besides those already mentioned, are, *The Iter Oelandicum et Gotlandicum, Iter Scanicum, Flora Suecica, Fauna Suecica, Materia Medica, Philosophia Botanica, Genera Morborum,* different papers in the *Acta Upsaliensis,* and the *Mantissae Academicae.* The last of his treatises was the *Mantissa Altera,* published in 1771; but before his death he had finished the greater part of the *Mantissa Tertia,* afterwards completed and published by his son.

To the lovers of science it will not appear strange that uncommon respect was shown to the memory of this great man. We are told, "that on his death a general mourning took place at Upsala, and that his funeral procession was attended by the whole university, as well professors as students, and the pall supported by sixteen doctors of physic, all of whom had been his pupils." The king of Sweden, after the death of Linnaeus, ordered a medal to be struck, one side of which exhibits Linnaeus's bust and name, and the other Cybele, in a dejected attitude, holding in her left hand a key, and surrounded with animals and growing plants, with the legend, *Deam lucet angit amissi,* and beneath, *Post Obitum Upsalise, die x. Jan. Linnæus. M.DCC.LXXVIII. Regis jubente.* The same generous monarch not only honoured the Royal Academy of Sciences with his presence when Linnaeus's commemoration was held at Stockholm, but, as a still higher tribute, in his speech from the throne to the assembly of the states, he lamented Sweden's loss by his death.

His stature was diminutive, being below the middle size; his head was large, and its hinder part very high; his look was ardent, piercing, and apt to daunt the beholder; his ear was not sensible to music; and his temper quick, but easily appeased. Nature had, in an eminent manner, been liberal in the endowment of his mind. He seems to have possessed a lively imagination, corrected by a strong judgment, a most retentive memory, unremitting industry, and the greatest perseverance in all his pursuits. This is evident from that continued vigour with which he prosecuted the design, which he appears to have formed so early in life, of totally reforming and constructing anew the whole science of natural history. And this fabric he raised, and gave to it a degree of perfection unknown before; and he had moreover the uncommon felicity of living to see his own structure rise above all others, notwithstanding every discouragement its author at first laboured under, and the opposition it afterwards met with. Neither has any writer more cautiously avoided the common error of building his own fame upon the ruin of another man's. He everywhere acknowledged the peculiar merits of each author's system; and no man appears to have been more sensible of the partial defects of his own. Those anomalies which had principally been the objects of criticism, he well knew that every artificial arrangement must abound with; and having laid it down as a fixed maxim, that every system must finally rest on its intrinsic merit, he willingly committed his own to the judgment of posterity. Perhaps there is no circumstance of Linnaeus's life which shows him in a more dignified light than his conduct towards his opponents. Disdaining controversy, and justly considering it as an unimportant and fruitless sacrifice of time, he never replied to any assailant, numerous as they were at one season.

To all who observe the aid which this extraordinary man has brought to natural science, his talents must appear in a very conspicuous point of view; but more especially to those who, from similarity of tastes, are qualified to see more distinctly the vast extent of his original design, the greatness of his labour, and the elaborate execution he has given to the whole. He had a happy command of the Latin language, which alone is the language of science; and no man ever applied it more successfully to his purposes, or gave to description such copiousness, united with that precision and conciseness which so eminently characterize his writings.

The ardour of Linnaeus for the study of nature, even from his earliest years, and that uncommon application which he bestowed upon it, gave him a most comprehensive view both of its pleasures and usefulness, at the same time that it opened to him a wide field, hitherto but little cultivated, especially in his own country. Hence he was early led to regret, that the study of natural history, as a public institution, had not made its way into the universities; in many of which, logical disputations and metaphysical theories had too long prevailed, to the exclusion of more useful science. Availing himself therefore of the advantages which he derived from a large share of eloquence, and an animated style, he never failed to display, in a lively and convincing manner, the relation which this study has to the public good; to incite the great to countenance and protect it; to encourage and allure youth into its pursuits, by opening its manifold sources of pleasure to their view, and showing them how greatly this agreeable employment would add, in a variety of instances, both to their comfort and emolument. His extensive view of natural history, as connected with almost all the arts of life, did not allow him to confine these motives and incitements to those only who were designed for the practice of physic. He also laboured to inspire the great and opulent with a taste for this study; and wished particularly that such as were devoted to an ecclesiastical life should possess some share of natural science; not only as a means of sweetening their rural situation, confined, as many are, perpetually to a country residence, but as that which would almost inevitably lead, in a variety of instances, to discoveries.

Linnaeus lived to enjoy the fruit of his own labour. Natural history raised itself in Sweden, under his culture, to a state of perfection unknown elsewhere; and was from that time disseminated throughout all Europe. His pupils dispersed themselves all over the globe; and, with their master's fame, extended both science and their own. More than this, he lived to see the sovereigns of Europe found several public institutions in favour of this study; and even professorships established in different universities for the same purpose, chairs which do honour to their founders, and which have excited a curiosity for the science, and a sense of its worth, that cannot fail to advance its progress, and in time to raise it to that rank which it is entitled to hold amongst the pursuits of mankind.