a town of Northern Hindustan, subject to the Ghoorkah rajah of Nepaul, 105 miles north-east from Catmandoo. Long. 83. 37. E. Lat. 28. 57. N.

NAVAL means something relating to a ship (navis).

Naval Camp, in Antiquity, a fortification, consisting of a ditch and parapet on the land side, or of a wall built in the form of a semicircle, and extended from one point of the sea to another. This was sometimes defended with towers, and beautified with gates, through which the ancients issued forth to attack their enemies. Towards the sea, or within it, they fixed great pales of wood, like those in their artificial harbours; and before these the vessels of burden were placed, in such order that they might serve instead of a wall, and give protection to those within. In this manner Nicias is reported by Thucydides to have encamped himself; but it seems only to have been practised when the enemy was thought superior in strength, and raised great apprehensions of danger. When their fortifications were considered strong enough to defend them against the assaults of enemies, it was frequent to drag their ships to shore, which the Greeks called ἐνόξωμα, and the Romans subducere. Around the ships the soldiers disposed their tents, as appears everywhere in Homer. But this seems to have been practised only in winter, when the enemy's fleet was laid up and could not assault them; or in long sieges, and when they were in no danger from their enemies by sea, as in the Trojan war, where the defenders of Troy never once attempted to encounter the Grecians in a sea-fight.

Naval Crown, amongst the ancient Romans, a crown adorned with figures of prows of ships, and conferred on persons who, in naval engagements, had first boarded an enemy's vessel.

Naval Tactics, the warlike operations of fleets. See Tactics, Naval.

NAVAN, a borough-town of Ireland, in the county of Meath and province of Leinster, about thirty miles north-west of Dublin, situated at the junction of the Boyne and Blackwater, near the canal called the Boyne Navigation. The situation of the town, in the centre of a great corn country, produces an excellent corn market; and its abundant supply of water affords great facilities for flour-mills and trading in flour. The landed property originally belonging to the corporation is said to have amounted to about 1200 acres; but it has been from time to time encroached upon by the neighbouring proprietors, and otherwise disposed of, till it has at length dwindled down to less than 150 acres. By the census of 1831, the population of Navan amounted to 4416; males 2085, females 2331. The families employed in agriculture were 403; in trade, manufactures, and handicraft, 305; not comprised in the preceding classes, 200. The proportion of Roman Catholics to Protestants is as ten to one. There are very few Protestant dissenters in the district.

NAVARINO, NAVARIN, or NEO CASTRO, is a town of Greece, in the Morea, celebrated for the excellence of the harbour on which it stands. This harbour is formed in front by the narrow island Spagia, the ancient Sphacteria, which is three miles in length. The entrance, which is at the south end of the island, is less than a mile broad, but the harbour opens to a width of three miles, and its general depth, with the exception of two shoal spots, varies from twelve to twenty-seven fathoms. This harbour is so spacious, and so well secured from the sea, as to admit of the largest fleet anchoring and riding in it with perfect safety.

At two periods very remote from each other this harbour has been the scene of remarkable naval victories. The first was during the Peloponnesian war, 425 before Christ, when the Athenian fleet under Demosthenes pursued the Spartans, who were more powerful, and entirely destroyed their fleet within the harbour; in consequence of which the Spartans sued for peace. During the revolutionary war in Greece, the city was taken by the Greeks under the command of Ypsilanti in 1821; but, in consequence of a mutiny of the Moreotes, who formed the garrison, then commanded by Kolokotroni, it capitulated, on the 23rd of March 1825, to Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the viceroy of Egypt, who thus secured an important naval asylum, from which to accomplish the subjugation of Greece. The united fleets of Turkey and Egypt were collected in the harbour, where they had anchored, having escaped a meeting with a united fleet of English, French, and Russian ships, who had been authorized to prevent their advancing to Greece. The united fleet of the three powers entered the harbour, and some slight, possibly undesigned hostilities, having occurred, a general attack was made on the Turkish and Egyptian fleets. The English admiral, Codrington, had the chief command, whilst under him Admiral Rigny commanded the French, and Count Heyden the Russian squadron. The attack took place on the 20th of October 1827, and, after some hours of fierce and bloody contention, it terminated in the destruction of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet, the greater part of which was either burned or sunk. This action, however it may be viewed in point of justice or policy, decided the question as to the independence of Greece. The Egyptians were expelled from the Morea; and the sultan, having lost his fleet, found himself obliged to legitimate a revolution which he had laboured in vain to put down. In fact, the battle of Navarino, described at the time as "an untoward event," proved, in its consequences, fatal to Turkey; it secured to Russia the undisputed command of the Black Sea, and thus enabled her, in the campaigns of 1828 and 1829, to obtain those advantages which ultimately led to the humiliating treaty of Adrianople.

The city of Navarino stands on the south-east side of the harbour. It is surrounded by a wall without any ditch, and is commanded by a fortress on a height, which is a regular hexagon, defended by five towers at the external angles, but without ditches, ramparts, or outworks. From the sea a frigate or two might easily batter down the walls. The city once contained between 6000 and 7000 inhabitants; but many of them retired into Arcadia during the bombardment of the Egyptians in 1825, an epidemic disease soon after augmented the depopulation, and the peace has not yet fully replaced these losses.

**Navarre**, an ancient kingdom, which has long existed under this name, and is divided into two portions; one on the south side of the Pyrenees, distinguished by the name of Upper Navarre; and the other on the north side of the same range of mountains, called Lower Navarre. They remained one kingdom, with a common language and a common constitution, till the year 1512, when Ferdinand, king of Aragon, seized upon Upper Navarre, and added it to his other dominions, but confirmed to it the title of a kingdom, and agreed to guarantee its ancient constitution. The other part continued an independent kingdom, having Bearo for its capital, till its king ascended the throne of France under the name of Henry IV. His claim to that dignity was founded on the marriage of his father, Anthony of Bourbon, with the heiress of the crown of Navarre, who was a Protestant, and educated her son in that profession, which, however, he abjured in order to secure the French crown.

The country here described, and which alone retains the name, is one of the northern provinces of Spain. It is bounded on the northern side by the Pyrenean Mountains, which separate it from France; on the east and south-east by the province of Aragon; and on the south and southwest by the provinces of Alava and Soria. The extent is about 2470 square English miles. No part of it touches on the sea. It is divided into the five districts of Pamplona, Sanguesa, Estella, Tudela, and Olite. According to the census of 1833, it contained 288,284 inhabitants, thus showing an increase of 66,556 persons since the former census of 1797. It contains nine cities, 282 towns, and 630 villages. At the census of 1797, when the whole inhabitants amounted to 221,728, they were thus classed by Canga Arguelles: Nobles or gentlemen, 18,753; labouring proprietors, 17,358; 7574 renters of land, 12,578 day-labourers, 7931 artisans, 782 merchants, 582 clerks to traders, 5766 domestic servants, 2778 secular clergy, 1287 regular clergy, and 607 female religious. The same author gives an estimate of the value of the whole property of the province, which he states as worth Ll.541,478. The system of taxation differed in this, as in the Biscayan provinces, from that practised in the other parts of Spain, and produced annually in direct taxes only L.38,557, and 398 arobas of wheat; but the crown had, besides, allotted to it several estates, certain revenues from the real patrimonio, and some feudal rights to personal services, which added somewhat, though but to a small amount, to the income.

Navarre still possesses the name of a kingdom, and has a constitution of very ancient origin, founded on the practices of ancient times at a period long prior to its amalgamation with the crown of either Aragon or Castile. The king was elected from the chiefs, and his investiture was pronounced to him in words to this effect: "We, who are your equals, select you for our king, to obey and protect our laws, which, whilst you continue to do, we shall obey you; but when you cease to do so, we shall put an end to your power." At the installation of the successive kings of Spain, since the Basque provinces and Navarre have been under their guidance, they have sworn to preserve to them the ancient laws and usages; and though frequent attempts were made by those monarchs to extend their power, the adherence to the ancient constitution was firm, and sufficiently powerful to act as a check on the arbitrary advances of the general government of Spain. Thus the people opposed the introduction of the Inquisition into these provinces, at a time when all the rest of the Peninsula was groaning under the oppression of that formidable institution, and it was never suffered to exercise any portion of its authority. A tradition still exists, that when the agents of the Holy Office went from Castille on a message to the Biscayans, to recommend that institution to their adoption, they were met by the deputies on the very frontier of the states, and sternly told, "Thus far, but no further, shall ye come."

These northern provinces of Spain had a representative government, in the choice of which the members of every head of a family had a vote. It assembled every second year, or oftener if deemed necessary. Their chief business was to vote the requisite sums for the public service, to audit the expenditure of the money, and more especially to watch over any infringements which might be attempted on their ancient rights and privileges. The principal of these privileges were, that the king could only nominate natives to ecclesiastical appointments; that no native should be civilly or criminally answerable to any Castillian tribunal; that every man's house was his sacred castle; that it could not be entered to arrest him till he had been previously summoned, which, if obeyed, he was, on his appearing, instantly tried, and either liberated, or bailed, or punished, according to the nature of the evidence and of the offence. No orders from the Castillian king were complied with until they were communicated to the parliament, and approved. There were other rights claimed and exercised, and, in fact, the condition of these provinces with respect to the king of Spain was nearly similar to that which existed between the emperor of Germany and the cantons of Switzerland, at the time when the house of Austria made the attempt to bring them under the same system of government as its hereditary dominions.

This free constitution, weakened indeed in some of its parts, was maintained till the invasion of Spain by Napoleon; and his whimsical project of a government was announced, but never practically adopted. The democratic Cortes of 1812 swept away all ancient privileges; but they were restored on the recovery of the throne by Ferdinand in 1814. The revolutionary Cortes of 1820 again abolished them, and they were once more restored after the king's liberation from his imprisonment at Cadiz. Not long before the death of Ferdinand, his ministers thought to extract a larger revenue from these provinces, by the abolition of their ancient rights; and a long investigation was made into the nature of their fueros. On this occasion, Don Carlos, then the heir apparent to the crown, became convinced of the legitimacy of their claims, and is said to have declared, that if any good should eventually arise from adopting the proposal of the ministry, it was not to be obtained by a positive violation of the royal faith, and that the proposition itself was an insult to Castillian honour. To this latter occurrence may chiefly be attributed the warm accession of these northern provinces to the claims which Don Carlos has since asserted, and the zeal they have exhibited during the horrible civil war which is still ravaging the whole Peninsula.

The province is of very unequal surface. The northern part comprehends a portion of the range of the Pyrenean Mountains, though none of the very highest peaks, which are all within the French boundary; but the Sierra de Andia, the Barbena del Rey, and the Hill of Montercal, are of such elevation as to be covered with snow the greater part of the year. From the main body of the principal range many spurs are projected into the valley, and between them are extended tracts of undulating surface, presenting both picturesque and fertile districts. Beyond the termination of these mountain spurs there is an ex- Navarre is a tensive level country, extending to the river Ebro, which forms the western boundary of the province.

Navarre is purely an agricultural country, except some mining districts, and is watered by the river Ebro, which receives the water of the Ezca, the Argu, the Alliana, and the Quelles, and their tributary rivulets. It is thus abundantly irrigated, and affords rich meadows, well adapted for the breeding and fattening of large herds of black cattle, and for furnishing abundance of butter and cheese. The climate is moist; and owing to that circumstance, combined with the numerous rivulets, the grazing lands preserve a perpetual verdure; but the climate, though moist, is by no means insubrious, nor does a more healthy or hardy race exist than the rural inhabitants of this province.

The agriculture is very skilfully conducted, though in the vicinity of the mountains the soil is sometimes stony, and in almost all parts so difficult to plough as to require a numerous team of oxen. The rotation of crops is commonly one of four years; first, wheat; second, beans; third, wheat; and fourth, maize. The product is considerably beyond the home consumption. The other articles cultivated are hemp, flax, madder, and liquorice. The woods, consisting chiefly of beech, or fir, or chestnut, supply fuel; and the nuts of the latter are used as a substitute for bread.

The sheep are numerous, but, with the exception of the merinos, of which about 7000 lambs are yearly reared, not of the best description, and yield only a coarse wool.

The rivers abound with fish, especially trouts, some of which weigh from ten to twelve pounds. The woods are well stocked with game, such as wild goats, roebucks, hares, and, of the feathered tribes, pheasants, partridges, and woodcocks; besides which there are beasts of prey, such as bears, wolves, and especially lynxes, which prove very injurious to the live stock.

In the warmer spots olive trees flourish, and yield oil. Many places produce honey and wax; whilst, in other districts, wine, cider, and fruits are collected, sufficient to supply the wants of the inhabitants.

The mineral products consist principally of iron; but some copper, lead, sulphur, and a little silver, is obtained. The iron is converted into articles for use, or for trade with the surrounding provinces. The articles for clothing are provided by domestic manufactures. There are few workmen in any fabrics, except in Pamplona, where some silk goods and a little paper are made; and in Tudela and Estella, where there are distilleries for providing brandy, and where paper, parchment, combs, and barrel staves, are made.

Navarre is remarkable in Spain for the beauty and convenience of the public roads, which, from the capital to all the extremities of the province, are repaired, as often as they require it, at the general expense; but since their construction in 1750 they have needed but little additional labour or expenditure. The greatest attention is, however, paid to them, and much zeal exercised by the authorities to preserve them in good order.

The Canal of Aragon, as it is called, may more properly be considered as appertaining to Navarre, as it begins within that province, about two miles from Tudela, where, by means of sluices, the river Ebro is turned into and fills it. Barges of eighty or ninety tons' burden can at present navigate to the distance of eighteen leagues; and it was intended to carry on the work ten leagues farther, till it reached the point where the river Martin pours its waters into the Ebro. If this project could be accomplished, it would create a continued intercourse, by internal navigation, from the province of Navarre to the Mediterranean Sea. In its present state it is of incalculable advantage, both by facilitating the conveyance of weighty commodities from Tudela to Saragossa, and by the power it gives of irrigating more than 40,000 acres of land, which the want of water frequently rendered utterly unproductive.

This stupendous canal was commenced in the reign of Charles V., but suffered interruption during more than two hundred years. In the latter part of the last century, however, the work was resumed; and, though recent events have caused it to languish, it has engaged the attention of the local treasuries of Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, who entertained hopes of being able to furnish supplies, so as to continue the operations. The province of Aragon has for several years contributed 50,000 dollars; the tonnage received has amounted to 10,000 dollars, and the receipts from the irrigated lands to 150,000 dollars. The expense of repairs and cleaning thus leaves but a small sum applicable to the extension of the undertaking. The canal is ten feet in depth, and is seventy-five feet wide at the top, but slopes regularly towards the bottom. In both dimensions it exceeds the Canal of Languedoc, of which the French make such a boast. The inhabitants of Navarre have all the general characteristics of mountaineers, being brave, generous, active, and very much attached to their old habits. Being but thinly scattered, there is little literature amongst them; and though the Inquisition was never introduced, yet they are most zealous adherents of the church of Rome.

There are two bishops, one at Pamplona, the other at Tudela, and many convents and monasteries. The common language is the Basque; but, amongst those who speak Spanish, a great number of French and some Catalan words are in use. The cities are few. Pamplona, the capital, is strongly fortified, and in war forms an important post. It contains about 15,000 inhabitants. The other cities and their population are, Tudela, 7000; Estella, 4500; Olite, 3000; and Sanguesa.

**Navarre, Martin**, surnamed **Azpilcueta**, because he was born in the kingdom which bears that name, was successively professor of jurisprudence at Toulouse, Salamanca, and Coimbra, and universally consulted as a great oracle of law. For a part of his knowledge he was indebted to the schools of Cahors and Toulouse, in which he had studied. His friend Carewza, a Dominican, and archbishop of Toledo, having been charged with heresy by the Inquisition at Rome, Navarre set out, at the age of eighty, to defend him. Pius V. appointed him assessor to Cardinal Francis Alciat, vice-penitentiary. Gregory XIII. never passed his gate without sending for him; sometimes conversed with him for an hour together on the street; and even deigned to visit him, accompanied by several cardinals. But these honours did not render him more haughty. His character became so eminent, that even in his own time the greatest encomium which could be paid to a man of learning was to say that he was a **Navarre**. Azpilcueta was the oracle of the city of Rome, and of the whole Christian world; and for the influence which he had acquired he was indebted not only to his knowledge, but also to his known probity and virtue. Faithful to the duties which the church prescribed, his temperance and frugality preserved to him a vigorous constitution; and at a very advanced age his genius was still equal to the severest study. His savings enabled him to give liberal assistance to the poor; indeed, his charities were so great, that his mule, it is said, would stop as soon as she perceived a beggar. He died at Rome in 1586, at the age of ninety-two. His works were collected and printed in six vols. folio, at Lyons, in 1597; and at Venice in 1602; but they display more learning than judgment, and are now very seldom consulted.

**NAVE**, in Architecture, is the body of a church, where the people are disposed, reaching from the baluster, or rail of the door, to the chief choir. Some derive the word from the Greek ναός, a temple, and others from ναῦς, a ship, by reason that the vault or roof of a church bears some resemblance to a ship.