the capital of Lower Canada, is situated upon the north-eastern extremity of a promontory called Cape Diamond, three hundred and fifty feet above the water level, on the left bank of the river St Lawrence. The rocky ridge upon which the city stands is formed by the St Lawrence and the St Charles, the former river flowing to the southward of Quebec, and the latter to the northward, and the junction taking place in front of the town, where they expand into a considerable basin forming the harbour of Quebec. The distance from the one river to the other, across the ridge, is rather more than a mile. It is divided into two parts, Upper and Lower Quebec. The latter is built at the base of the promontory, nearly on a level with high-water mark. The communication from this to the upper town is by a long, narrow, winding, and extremely steep street, which terminates close to the city walls, at an elevation of two hundred feet above the river. Here Upper Quebec commences, extending its limits considerably to the westward along the slope of the ridge, and up the promontory towards the cape, within fifty or sixty yards of its summit, which is crowned by the citadel. This part of the town contains the government buildings, the residence of the governor, the military, and the most opulent of the inhabitants, with the best and handsomest streets, and the most agreeable mansions. The lower town is much more crowded and mean in appearance, and is very filthy and inconvenient. The streets are narrow, the foot-pavement being barely sufficient for a single passenger; the houses have a gloomy and monotonous aspect, and many of them are said to be built of wood, although there exists a statute forbidding the use of this material in the construction of the main part of buildings, as a security against the dreadful conflagrations which have so often desolated the cities of the west. The warehouses are built of stone; and this ill-favoured portion of Quebec is the chief seat of the commerce and traffic by which the city is enriched. Amongst the public buildings may be mentioned the castle of St Louis, a huge vice-regal chateau, supported by piers; and overhanging the precipice; the Hotel Dieu, the Protestant and Catholic cathedrals; and a number of other religious edifices; the exchange, bank, court-house, hospitals, barracks, gaol, and others. There is a French seminary or college, containing usually about two hundred pupils, and other establishments connected with education. In the district of Quebec there are five public or free schools, in the district of Montreal twenty-four, and in the district of Three Rivers six public schools, under the superintendence of the Board of Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, incorporated by the provincial act 41st Geo. III. cap. 17. To this board the legislature makes an annual grant. Each teacher is bound to instruct one third of the number of pupils gratuitously, and in no case to charge more than three shillings and fourpence per month. The visitors may vary the rate according to the number of children in each family who attend school, and the circumstances of the parents. There are also two grammar-schools, one at Quebec and another at Montreal, supported by an annual grant of L200 each from the Jesuit Estates Fund, with L90 and L50 respectively for house-rent. These are also under the superintendence of the Royal Institution. The system of instruction is that of the public grammar schools of England. Twenty-six free scholars are admitted into each of them. The rate of tuition for others is L12 per annum. There are also upwards of a thousand schools established under the provincial act 9 Geo. IV. cap. 46; attended by about 45,600 scholars of both sexes. L20 are allowed to each teacher having at least twenty children under his care. These schools are under the direction of trustees annually elected by the inhabitants. No particular system of tuition is followed, but the Lancastrian is pursued in a few of them. There are also several Roman Catholic colleges in the province, and a number of private seminaries for the higher branches of education. Besides these, there were in Lower Canada, in 1835, 1170 elementary schools, attended by 21,014 boys and 16,654 girls, of whom 12,495 were taught gratis, and 25,173 were paid for. The houses were mostly roofed with shingles, but many of those of a better sort; and the public buildings and great warehouses, are covered with tin or iron plates. There are several distilleries, breweries, tobacco, soap, candle, and other manufactories. Excellent ships are built here, and every variety of tradesmen may be found in the upper or lower town. Many of the shops, or stores as they are called in America, are elegantly fitted up, and well supplied with every commodity in demand. There are suburbs attached to each town.

One of the leading features of Quebec is its fortifications, it being the strongest place in America. "As a fortress," says Mr Montgomery Martin, "Quebec may now be ranked in the first class, the citadel, on the highest point of..." Cape Diamond, together with a formidable combination of strongly constructed works, extending over an area of forty acres. Small batteries, connected by ramparts, are continued from the edge of the precipice to the gateway leading to the lower town, which is defended by cannon of a large calibre, and the approach to it up Mountain Street (which connects the upper and lower town) enfiladed and flanked by many large guns. A line of defence connects with the grand battery a redoubt of great strength, armed with twenty-four-pounders, entirely commanding the basin and passage of the river. Other lines add to the impregnable nature of Quebec if properly defended, the possession of which may be said to give the mastery of Upper as well as Lower Canada. To the west, and in front of the citadel, are the celebrated plains of Abraham, where was achieved the victory which wrested Canada from France, and annexed it to the British empire. An obelisk marks the field where Wolfe and Montcalm fought and perished. The basin or harbour of Quebec is very beautiful, safe, and spacious, being sufficient to contain a hundred sail of the line. The river St Lawrence is twelve miles broad above the city, but here contracted to one mile in breadth. The commerce of Quebec is considerable, indeed nine tenths of the trade of Canada is carried on from this city. The imports consist of British manufactures, wine, rum, and other spirits, sugar, coffee, tea, salt, and tobacco. The exports, the produce of the Canadas, are ships' masts, spars, timber, various kinds of prepared wood, pot and pearl ash, fish, oil, seal-skins, pork, beer, butter, lard, live-stock, hides, castor-oil, capillaire, natural curiosities, wheat, Indian corn, and the like, as also furs; and there is likewise a re-exportation of British fabrics, West India produce, and teas. The imports into Lower Canada, during the year 1835, amounted to L1,496,376, and the exports to L896,847, of which L7750 was for fish, L30,590 for corn, and L620,182 for wood. The amount of the paper currency in 1835 was L268,881, of which L52,335 was in notes of the Quebec bank, and L216,346 in notes of the Montreal bank. The following table shows the amount of shipping in 1835.

| Country | Inwards | Outwards | |---------------|---------|----------| | | Ships | Tons | Ships | Tons | | Great Britain | 669 | 277,125 | 69 | 17,833 | | British colonies | 186 | 21,188 | 28 | 2,767 | | United States | 24 | 6,307 | 3 | 1,678 | | Foreign states | 29 | 6,760 | 1 | 263 | | Total | 1,105 | 311,490 | 106 | 22,601 |

Emigration to Quebec was for many years carried on to a great extent; the number of arrivals in the year 1832 being 51,746. The recent disturbances in Canada, and the opening up of a new field for emigration in Australasia, have combined to check the influx of Europeans, so that in the year 1836 they had diminished to 27,728, in 1837 to 22,500, and in 1838 to only 4992. The seasons of Quebec may be briefly noticed. Winter sets in towards the close of November, and for several weeks heavy falls of snow, hail, and sleet, follow each other in rapid succession. The snow falls very deep, and it is often a difficult matter to keep even a narrow pathway open. Towards the end of December the weather clears, and the solid sheet of snow which covers the surrounding country becomes enlivened by multitudes of citizens, who now sally forth with horse, sledge, and carriage, and drive along the smooth and shining plain. In March the weather gets mild, and even hot, and in April the ice of the St Lawrence breaks with a mighty crash. May and June are generally wet; but July and August are marked by intense heat and the plague of insects. September is the most agreeable month; but, in October, winter returns "to rule the inverted year." Quebec was settled by the French in the year 1608; taken by the English, first in 1629, and afterwards in 1759; and finally ceded to us by the treaty of Paris in 1766. In 1776 an unsuccessful attack was made upon it by the Americans under General Montgomery, who fell, together with about 7000 men. The population of Quebec in 1825 amounted to 20,396, and in 1831 to 25,916. Long. 70.72 W., from Greenwich, Lat. 46.48 N.

Since the article Canada in this work made its appearance, a revolution has broken out in that part of the British empire, and proved of so serious a nature as to cause a considerable loss of life both in the field and upon the scaffold. It is not our purpose to enter into minute details regarding either the origin of the revolt or the course of events. A brief statement of the leading facts is all that can be given here. Since this colony was annexed to the British crown, two parties have existed in it, the French, the original settlers, or their descendants; and the British, or their descendants, who were the subjugators of the province. The two races have never amalgamated, but, on the contrary, their animosity to each other has been aggravated by recent circumstances to such a degree, that it is constantly in danger of breaking out in acts of open hostility. Although the British race are possessed of the greatest wealth, intelligence, and enterprise, the French Canadians have always been by far the most numerous class, and, on the ground of their numerical superiority, they aspire to have the leading sway in the affairs of the province. But, as the government of Canada is constituted, this has been found impossible; for although they may preponderate in the lower house or house of assembly, they are checked by the legislative council, the members of which are not popularly elected, but chosen by the governor in the name of the sovereign of Great Britain. It is alleged by the house of assembly that abuse of power has resulted from this mode of election; that extreme partiality to the British, and neglect of the French, has been shown, not only in the formation of the legislative council itself, but in the distribution of government appointments. Amongst the grievances of which they complained were, the tenures act, the want of control over the public revenue of the province, and others, which were embodied in a document transmitted to the imperial government in 1832-33. This memorial consisted of ninety-two resolutions, and was drawn up by the leading men of the house of assembly. The substance of them was as follows: 1st, That the legislative council should be elective; 2ndly, that the executive council should be converted into a ministry, responsible to the assembly; 3rdly, that the tenures act and land company's act should be repealed; 4thly, that the crown revenues should be surrendered unconditionally; 5thly, that the management of the waste lands should be given up to them. And they further declared, that they would pay no arrears, nor vote any civil list, until these demands should be complied with. The arrears spoken of were the salaries of public functionaries, which for several years had remained unpaid, being stopped by the members of assembly. The delegates from Canada met with a patient hearing from the committee appointed Quebec: to investigate the subject; but the British government refused to accede to the propositions, and a series of resolutions were carried in parliament, the substance of which is as follows: 1st, That whilst no change could be made in the mode of electing the legislative council, it was expedient to adopt measures for securing to it a higher degree of public confidence; 2dly, that whilst it was expedient to improve the composition of the executive council, it was unadvisable to render it responsible to the assembly; 3dly, that the title of the land company was to remain inviolate; 4thly, "that as soon as the legislative shall make provisions by law for discharging lands from feudal dues and services, and for removing any doubts as to the incidents of the tenure of land, in free and common socage, it is expedient to repeal the Canada tenures act, and the Canada trade act, so far as the latter relates to the tenures of land in this province, saving, nevertheless, to all persons the rights vested in them under or in virtue of those acts;" 5thly, that provision should be made for paying arrears due; and, lastly, "that it is expedient that the legislatures of Lower and Upper Canada respectively be authorized to make provision for the joint regulation and adjustment of questions respecting their trade and commerce, and of other questions wherein they have a common interest."

On the 16th of August 1837, an extraordinary session of the parliament of Lower Canada was called together by Lord Gosford, the governor-in-chief; but the assembly again refused all supplies, and continued to decline exercising any legislative functions. Confusion and disorganization now began to spread throughout the whole social as well as political system of Canada. On the 23rd of October,

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Nothing has given rise to greater discontent and heart-burnings than the provision made for the support of the church by means of portions of land set apart for this purpose. The grants of land, as a reward for public services, have likewise been considered as very injurious. This cannot be better explained than in the words of Lord Durham, in his Report on the affairs of British North America.

"The system of clergy reserves was established by the act of 1791, commonly called the Constitutional Act, which directed that, in respect of all grants made by the crown, a quantity equal to one seventh of the land so granted should be reserved for the clergy. A quantity equal to one seventh of all grants would be one eighth of each township, or of all the public land. Instead of this proportion, the practice has been, ever since the act passed, and in the clearest violation of its provisions, to set apart for the clergy in Upper Canada a seventh of all the land, which is a quantity equal to a sixth of the land granted. There have been appropriated for this purpose 300,000 acres, which, legally, it is manifest, belong to the public. And of the amount for which clergy reserves have been sold in that province, namely, L317,000 (of which about L160,000 have been already received and invested in the English funds), the sum of about L45,000 should belong to the public.

"In Lower Canada the same violation of the law has taken place, with this difference, that upon every sale of crown and clergy reserves, a fresh reserve for the clergy has been made, equal to a fifth of such reserves. The result has been the appropriation for the clergy of 673,567 acres, instead of 416,000, being an excess of 257,569 acres, or half as much again as they ought to have received. The Lower Canada fund already produced by sales amounts to L59,000, of which, therefore, a third, or about L16,000, belong to the public. If, without any reform of this abuse, the whole of the unsold clergy reserves in both provinces should fetch the average price at which such lands have hitherto sold, the public would be wronged to the amount of about L200,000; and the reform of this abuse will produce a certain and almost immediate gain to the public of L50,000. In referring, for further explanation of this subject, to a paper in the appendix, which has been drawn up by Mr. Maclean, a member of the commission of inquiry which I appointed for all the colonies, I am desirous of stating my own conviction that the clergy have had no part in this great misappropriation of the public property, but that it has arisen entirely from heedless misconception, or some other error, of the civil governments of both provinces.

"The great objection to reserves for the clergy is, that those for whom the land is set apart never have attempted, and never could successfully attempt, to cultivate or settle the property, and that, by that special appropriation, so much land is withheld from settlers, and kept in a state of waste, to the serious injury of all settlers in its neighbourhood. But it would be a great mistake to suppose that this is the only practice by which such injury has been, and still is, inflicted on actual settlers. In the two Canadas especially, the practice of rewarding, or attempting to reward, public services by grants of public land, has produced, and is still producing, a degree of injury to actual settlers which it is difficult to conceive without having witnessed it. The very principle of such grants is bad, inasmuch as, under any circumstances, they must lead to an amount of appropriation beyond the wants of the community, and greatly beyond the proprietor's means of cultivation and settlement. In both the Canadas not only has this principle been pursued with reckless profusion, but the local executive governments have managed, by violating or evading the instructions which they received from the secretary of state, to add incalculably to the mischief that would have arisen at all events.

"In Upper Canada, 3,200,000 acres have been granted to 'U. E. Loyalists,' being refugees from the United States, who settled in the province before 1787, and their children; 730,000 acres to militiamen; 450,000 acres to discharged soldiers and sailors; 235,000 acres to magistrates and barristers; 136,000 acres to executive councillors and their families; 50,000 acres to five legislative councillors and their families; 36,500 acres to clergymen as private property; 264,000 acres to persons contracting to make surveys; 92,526 acres to officers of the army and navy; 500,000 acres for the endowment of schools; 45,529 acres to Colonel Talbot; 12,000 acres to the heirs of General Brock; and 12,000 acres to Doctor Mountain, a former bishop of Quebec; making altogether, with the clergy reserves, more than half of the surveyed land in the province. In Lower Canada, excluding the grants to refugees from the U.S., the amount of which the crown lands' department could furnish me with no information, 450,000 acres have been granted to militiamen, to executive councillors 72,000 acres, to Governor Milne about 48,000 acres, to Mr. Cushing and another upwards of 100,000 acres (as a reward for giving information in a case of high treason), to officers and soldiers 200,000 acres, and to leaders of townships' 1,457,209 acres; making altogether, with the clergy reserves, rather more than half of the surveyed lands originally at the disposal of the crown." town is called Queda by strangers. It is situated in latitude 6° north, upon one of the largest rivers, which is navigable for vessels of 300 tons burden, and is 300 yards in width at the mouth, where was formerly a brick fort, now in ruins. The entrance into this river is choked up by a flat mud-bank, over which, at spring tides, there is only nine feet water. The road where the ships anchor is about two leagues from the shore. The town of Queda formerly contained about 300 houses, inhabited by Chinese, Chilians, and Malays; and it enjoyed a considerable trade; but since the establishment of Pulo Pinang, the Malay praws have chiefly resorted to the latter place. Allistar, seven miles up the river, is the residence of the king, to which place all vessels can ascend when their draught enables them to pass the bar. The river here is narrow, but deep; and both shores are muddy, swampy, and covered with jungle. A little above Allistar the ground rises, and the river is then only navigable for praws. There are in the interior tin-mines, the produce of which is conveyed to the coast by the Qualia Moorba, a rapid and shallow stream, yet navigable for small craft. The exports of this district consist of elephants' teeth, wax, &c., but principally tin, which are chiefly exchanged for opium and Spanish dollars. The king, as in most of these eastern countries, engrosses the chief share of the trade. In 1786 an agreement was made with the king of Queda for the cession of Pulo Pinang or Prince of Wales Island; and in 1792 a regular treaty was concluded on the subject, by which the East India Company agreed to pay 6000 dollars annually whilst they retained possession of the island. A new treaty was made in 1802, for the cession of additional territory, which tract of country the company engaged to protect from all enemies, robbers, and pirates. The free exportation of provisions and other articles to Prince of Wales Island was also agreed on, besides a clause for the apprehension and delivery of insurgents, felons, debtors, and slaves; in consideration of which the company agreed to pay 10,000 dollars annually, as long as they held possession of the island and the coast.

QUEENSLINBURG, a city of the Prussian province of Saxony, situated on the river Bode, which was formerly the capital of an independent ecclesiastical state, under the abess of that name. It contains eight Catholic churches, is surrounded with walls, and has an ancient palace, with an extensive library, 1720 houses, and 11,500 inhabitants. There are extensive breweries and distilleries, and various manufactures of woollen and linen goods. Long. 11. 32. 39. E. Lat. 51. 47. 48. N.