town of Persia, the capital of the eastern part of Kurdistan, known under the name of the province of Ardalan. It is situated in the bosom of a luxuriant valley, richly cultivated, and interspersed with orchards affording abundance of fruits of various kinds, namely, the peach, the apricot, the pear, apple, and cherry; besides producing tobacco and quantities of grain. It is a flourishing town, containing 8000 inhabitants, of which number 2000 are Jews, Armenians, and Nestorians, who trade to Mosul, Bagdad, and Isphahan. The town is surrounded by mountains, which are inhabited by wandering tribes of Kurds and Illets. It is eighty miles south-east of Mosul. Lat. 35° 12' N.