Claude found two parties in his diocese, one of which favoured his schemes of church reform; and after his death (according to the authority of Dungalus) was called the sect of Claude. Thus it is certain that Valentinus, and after him Claude, left disciples in these parts, at where we are looking for them; but we have no ground for maintaining that the Valdenses were in a state of secession from the provincial bishops of France or Italy, within whose dioceses they were situated, at either of the periods which we have just referred, the fourth and the ninth centuries. In those days, and for two or three hundred years after Claude, the truth might be held, and public testimonies for the truth might be given, and protests against the errors of Rome might be made, without the necessity of separation from the church called catholic: witness the great Iconoclastic question which agitated Christendom in the ninth and tenth centuries. There is reason therefore to believe that, until a much later period, congregations of the Cottian Alps may have continued to maintain a purer faith than that of Rome, without leading to any proceedings in those parts, which could be called acts of schism on the one side, or of persecution on the other.

The accusing and remonstrating voice within the church, and open secession from her, may have distinguished the Valdenses from the Romanists, for a series of ages; and the political condition, as well as the natural position of the territory, to which he belonged, may have proved its security. There was no occasion for him to separate, so long as he was not compelled to do violence to his conscience; so long as the civil rights enjoyed in Ostrogothic and feudal Italy protected him. In some parts of the south of France, as well as in the Cottian Alps, opinions were held at variance with those of the great body of the church, without bringing the dissidents into violent collision with it. There the Gothic Christians, to whom Alcuin addressed an epistle of expostulation, professed their disbelief in the virtue of auricular confession and sacramental absolution, and remained unmolested; and there the Christians of Narbonne, in 820, (if we interpret rightly the metrical description of Theodulphus, bishop of Orleans,) had an ecclesiastical system of their own, which savoured of religious principles very different from those held at Rome, without being denounced as schismatics. Until the bishop of Turin, acting upon the system introduced by Innocent the Third, obtained the authority of the Emperor Otho in 1210, to persecute the Valdenses, we have no instance of any public act of oppression committed in the Piedmontese valleys of the Alps against religious freedom. Up to that time the strongholds of nature, and the protection of the Lombard law, which, in its code of personal legislation, permitted every man to choose the national law under which he would be governed, gave the people in these Alpine fastnesses, privileges of which even pontifical tyranny could not deprive them, and offered a permanent settlement to the assertors of primitive Christianity, who, while they protested against superstitious novelties, communicated with the established clergy, as Wesleyan Methodists now profess to do, and vindicated their claim to be considered members of the church of Christ. The mass of historical documents which the commission at Turin has published since 1836 exhibits too many marks of suppression not to excite our fears that much information relating to the "Evangelical Valleys Valdenses of Piemont" has been withheld. Enough has however been brought to light, to satisfy us, that the political condition of the Cottian Alps, and of the people whom some ecclesiastical writers are fond of deriding under the term "brute gentes Alpium," (between the age of Claude and the first public persecution of the Valdenses) was exactly such as to secure religious objectors from molestation, and to justify the language, which the Valdenses have invariably held in all their petitions to their sovereigns, when their religious liberties have been threatened—"We have asserted our right to enjoy liberty of conscience," "da ogni tempo," "da tempo immemorale," from time immemorial. "Is it not extraordinary," says the historian Leger, "that it has never once happened that any one of our princes or their ministers should have offered the least contradiction to their Valdesian subjects, who have again and again asserted in their presence, 'We are descended from those who, from father to son, have preserved entire the apostolical faith, in the valleys which we now occupy. Permit us therefore to have that free exercise of our religion, which we have enjoyed from time out of mind, before the dukes of Savoy became princes of Piemont?"

The supreme authority of the princes of the house of Savoy was not fully established in Piedmont until the middle of the thirteenth century, (before that time the emperors of Germany exercised all the rights of suzerainty) and it is a curious fact, that the house of Savoy arrived at absolute power by means of the public confidence which it enjoyed, in consequence of its equitable government, and faithful adherence, for many ages, to compacts made with its subjects. These compacts were the origin and the preservatives of the religious liberties of the Valdenses. "We are obliged to tolerate heresy in the valleys of our realm," was the confession of a duke of Savoy in 1602. It was a matter of solemn stipulation, recorded in the ancient charters and documents now under publication at Turin, that the inhabitants of certain townships, communes, and villages, should remain in the undisturbed possession of their accustomed rights and franchises; and some of the very communes and hamlets which are now the dwelling places of the Valdenses, are named among those entitled to such privileges.

In allusion to these immunities of the Valdenses, based on Charter, Archbishop Seyssel made the following bitter complaint: "It has contributed not a little to the toleration of their heresy, that it has never wanted persons to protect and favour it, and among those especially who ought to be the guardians of the Christian religion, inasmuch as they rule and reign over provinces and kingdoms."

We have no well-authenticated record which will enable us to say, when the feeble tie was broken, which still kept the Valdenses in communion with the provincial bishops of Turin and Embrun, while they protested against Romish corruptions. Sclopis, a Piedmontese writer on jurisprudence, of great celebrity, who has made it his business to search into the history of the laws and customs of his country, declares that he cannot assign any period to the first appearance of schism in the subalpine valleys, nor can he discover the origin of the name Valdenses.

It is probable, however, that being excommunicated at Valdenses. the beginning of the thirteenth century, after their reception of the followers of Valdo, they were then obliged for the first time to constitute ministers of their own, out of the clergy, whose orders were derived from the national churches of France and Italy, and who espoused their cause. That they had originally the form of an episcopal church, with clergy of different orders, (although their discipline is now Presbyterian, very much resembling that of the Church of Scotland,) appears both in an ancient MS. which speaks of regidors, or leaders of the flock, as well as of priests; and in the direct and plain evidence of Claude Seyssel in 1520, who speaks tauntingly of persons whom they called their bishops and priests, and challenges them to show from what lawful source of authority, from what church, and from what province, they, who boasted of their apostolical descent, derived their orders and succession.

The fiercest declaimers against Valdesian schismatics might find some extenuation for a people who were forced into secession; first, by the corruptions and spiritual neglect of the clergy of the dominant church; and, secondly, by excommunication. Every ecclesiastical history makes mention of the utter depravity of most of the Romish clergy of the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries; and we gather from the first volume of the Piedmontese Historical Documents, published in 1836, that at one time nearly all the ecclesiastics of the Cottian Alps fled from before the Saracen invaders, and never returned to their parishes; and at another time that there was a wreck of churches (naufragatis ecclesiis) and destitution of pastors throughout the whole diocese of Turin. Endowments for parochial service were transferred to monasteries at a distance, and villages were left without regular pastoral superintendence. One charter states that a third of the whole mountain territory between Mount Cenis and Mount Genève was made over to a distant convent. Another consigns no less than half of all the lands lying between Pignerol and Col Sestrières to an abbey at Pignerol. A third despoils the whole of Val Guichard of its rents, for the enrichment of a fraternity of monks in another part of the country, in the plains on the banks of the Po. All this must have contributed to produce that state of spiritual destitution which ultimately led to, and warranted separation; and when the severance was once completed, the hierarchy of Rome could never re-establish its authority over those valleys of Piedmont which are now called Protestant. They were so free from Romish intrusiveness at one period, that Vincentius Ferrerius, the Dominican, who preached to the Valdenses in the year 1405, reported to the principal of his order, that they had not heard the voice of a minister of the church for thirty years before; and Claude Seyssel declared a century afterwards, that so entirely had they been abandoned by priests and bishops, no prelate but himself had dared to approach them within the memory of man.

The transfer of property in the valleys, to monasteries and convents, was the first step that led to persecution. The possession of lands in signorality carried with it certain rights of jurisdiction, which enabled the monastic bodies to exercise temporal as well as spiritual tyranny. They acquired the power of holding local courts for the adjudication of all criminal causes, co-extensive with that which had been originally conferred on the feudal proprietors for the protection of the people of their domains; so that the very privileges which were favourable to religious liberty, while they were exercised by lay superiors, became dangerous to the vassals of estates, in process of time, when they were made over to ecclesiastics. The commencement of the thirteenth century is the era from which we date those horrible atrocities with which religion has been insulted, and humanity outraged, to appease the offended majesty of Rome. Innocent the Third, and Dominic, the father of the Inquisition, (the seraphic spirit of Dante's commendation) divide the honour of having let loose fire and sword against those who presumed to question the dogmas of the Vatican, in two new forms, impiously called "missions of peace and good will." The one was the crusade against the Albigenzes, which swept multitudes from the face of the earth in open warfare; and the other was the institution of a secret tribunal, which had its informers and its executioners everywhere, and as an "act of faith," condemned thousands, after the mockery of a trial, to expire in the flames, or to linger out life in a dungeon. But though some martyrs were dragged to the stake from the vicinities of the Cottian Alps, nearest to the plains of Piedmont on the one side, and to the cities of Dauphiné on the other, yet the more secluded of these regions continued to be secure asylums until the end of the fourteenth century. The communes of Fressinière and Argentièire, in the diocese of Embrun, on the French side of the mountains, were then ransacked for victims, in obedience to a papal bull. Whole families were sacrificed, and others were obliged to fly to the very edge of the glaciers for safety. But it is remarkable, that although a similar bull was issued against the nonconformists of the valleys of Lucerna and San Martino on the Italian border, no means were there found of putting the exterminating commission in execution. Again and again the temporal sovereigns of the Piedmontese Valdenses received mandates from Rome to draw the sword against them, and to "crush the serpent," but they would not. Even when the persecuting storm of 1400 extended from Dauphiné to the Italian valley of Pragela, which was then under the dominion of France, the adjoining valleys of Lucerna and San Martino heard the pontifical thunder, but were unscorched by its lightning.

At length the memorable bull of Innocent the Eighth, which gave unlimited powers to Albert de Capitanes to carry confiscation and death throughout the whole of these parts of the sees of Embrun and Turin, which were infected with heresy, precipitated a host of armed enemies upon the mountain retreats of the Valdenses. The edict of Isotta, the regent-mother, during the minority of the duke of Savoy, in the year 1476, in which she called on the authorities of the province of Pignerol to assist the inquisitors in compelling heretics, and especially those of Val Lucerna, to come into the bosom of the church, is one of the first state papers which indicate a departure from the mild and tolerant principles on which the house of Savoy had hitherto acted. But the sanguinary torrent rolled through these valleys, without forcing any of the inhabitants into the arms of Rome. Some subsequent edicts of the dukes of Savoy, speak of their Valdesian subjects, not under the obnoxious appellation of heretics, but under the gentle and more courteous term of Religionists, and call them "men of the valleys," "beloved and faithful vassals," whom

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1 In the middle of the sixteenth century several changes were effected in the government of the Valdesian church. The principal authority rests with ecclesiastical officers called the Table, consisting of the moderator, the moderator-adjoint, and the secretary, assisted by two lay members. These are elected by the Synod, which is held every five years, in the presence of a royal commissioner. The moderator presides at ordinations. Pastors are nominated by parishes, subject to the approbation of the Table, and confirmation of Synod.

2 Esagistan Regidors del Poble, et Freires en lors Officiis. See Morland's Churches of Piedmont, p. 74.

3 The episcopal form of church government was retained by many other separatists from Rome, in Italy and Germany. See Reiner and Stephen de Bourbon.

4 This and the document next quoted are published in the works of Morland and Leger.

5 Printed in the works of Morland and Leger.

6 Raccolta degli Editti del Piemonte, p. 1.

7 Those of 1499 and 1509 recognised as privileged persons, entitled to immuni- ties and franchises, by virtue of ancient stipulations.

State policy, disputes with France, and the necessity of securing the borderers, when a band of gallant soldiers were required for the defence of the frontier, often operated in their favour, in the moment of danger; and even at times when the sovereigns of the principality consented to their destruction, the lords of the soil became their advo- cates. Thus, in the year 1553, when the havoc which was wreaked among the nonconformists of Provence and Dauphine, reached the valleys of Piedmont, it would have been more fatal, had not Blanche, countess of Lucerna, inter- ceded in behalf of her dependents.

In 1560, the dark cloud which had long been gathering over the mountain church, burst upon it with all its fury; and never did the majesty of truth and innocence stand out more brightly to view, than during the tempests of perse- cution, which raged at intervals for the next hundred years more.

The subalpine communities, which had been placed under papal interdicts, saw themselves exposed to the hostile power of the French king on one side, and to that of the duke of Savoy on the other. They were commanded by edicts to banish their ministers and schoolmasters, to aban- don the exercise of their own forms of worship, and attend the services of the Romish church. They re- fused, and orders for confiscation, imprisonment, and death, were launched against them. Hundreds perished on the field, or at the stake; and the villages swarmed with brigands, who, under the name of officers of justice, plun- dered the wretched inhabitants, and haled them to prison, until the dungeons were choked with victims.

The population of the valleys still remaining faithful to the religion of their forefathers, the sword was openly un- sheathed, and the scabbard thrown away. An armed force, commanded by a chief whose name was in terrible con- trast with his character, the Count de la Trinité, poured into the proscribed territory. But a spirit stronger than the sword upheld the Valdenses, and an arm more powerful than that which assailed them, fought on their side. The villages near the plains were deserted, the women, the chil- dren, the feeble, and the aged, were sent for refuge to the heights of the mountains, to the rocks and to the forests. Every man and boy who could handle a weapon, planted himself against the invaders, and a successful guerilla war was carried on by small brigades of peasants, against veteran troops who were let loose upon them. Greater exploits, and instances of more enduring fortitude, were never recounted, than those which have immortalized the resistance offered by the Valdenses to their oppressors. It must however suffice to say, that the history of the Val- denses, from the year 1560 to the close of the eighteenth century, is a narrative of sanguinary struggles for existence, with very few intervals of repose.

If the churches of the valleys had an intermission of suf- fering under one reign, they were driven to desperation in another. The years 1565, 1573, 1581, 1583, and the peri- ods between 1591 and 1594, are memorable as dates of re- ligious and civil conflict.

In 1595, the duke of Savoy smiled upon his Protestant subjects; in 1596 and 1597 he persecuted them. From 1620 to 1620, a series of edicts, some threatening, and others indulgent, kept the Valdenses in a state of perpetual tension and agitation; but the tenor of the most alarming of these, which confined them within certain limits, proves that they had rights and privileges, within those limits at least, which nothing but the importunity and the misrepres- entations of the Romish hierarchy, could induce their sove- reigns reluctantly to violate.

Of the twenty years that followed, almost all were distin- guished by some act of cruelty or oppression. In 1640, the appointment of an English envoy at the court of Turin, and his occasional residence at La Tour, the principal village of the Valdenses, shed a ray of transient sunshine over this afflicted people; but this was shortly followed by a hurricane of persecution similar to that of 1560, and unutterable atro- cities were committed by the soldiery employed to enforce the destroying edict of 1655. That year would have seen the last of the Valdenses, had not all the Protestant powers of Europe interposed, especially England, whose supreme ruler, Oliver Cromwell, under the influence of Milton, be- came their protector.

In 1686, Victor Amadeus, the young duke of Savoy, in- stigated by the courts of France and Rome, and ambitious of succeeding where his ancestors had failed, sent an over- whelming body of troops into the valleys of Lucerna, Pe- rosa, and San Martino, to compel the inhabitants to go to mass. During three years and a half, the exercise of the ancient religion of the Valdenses had to all appearance ceased in Piedmont. Those who would not conform were obliged to flee for their lives. But the return of eight hun- dred Valdenses exiles in 1689, who marched from the borders of the lake of Geneva to their native mountains, for the recovery of their rights, was signalised by incidents un- surpassed in the history of providential and romantic events, and was crowned with success. At this critical juncture, a quarrel arose between the king of France and Victor Ama- deus, which induced the latter to take this heroic band and the scattered remnant of his Protestant subjects into fa- vour. "Hitherto," said he, "we have been enemies, but from henceforth we must be friends; others are to blame more than myself for the evils you have suffered." This happy turn in their affairs was followed by treaties between the English and Piedmontese governments, in the reigns of William the Third and Queen Anne, articles of which were meant to secure to the Valdenses the undisturbed exercise of their religion within certain territorial limits. From that period to the present, Great Britain has been empowered, by virtue of solemn compacts, to interpose for their pro- tection, and their churches ought to have had rest.

But the wrongs of the Valdenses were not yet at an end, and their sovereigns, under their new title of kings of Sar- dinia, forgot to be generous and just. Again and again these sufferers have had to contend not only against petty injuries and harassing grievances, but also against absolute oppression. By an act of open violence, the valley of Pra- gela was dragged into conformity with Rome, in the year 1727, on the diplomatic pretence, that this region was not included in the articles of treaty which secured toleration within defined boundaries. The English ambassador at Turin remonstrated, and urged the sacred engagements which guaranteed toleration and safety to the Protestants of Piedmont, but he was not properly supported by his go- vernment at home, and the objects of his sympathy cried for redress in vain.

During the French empire of Napoleon, when the iron crown of Italy was placed on the head of the Corsican, the Valdenses enjoyed equal rights and privileges in common with the rest of their countrymen. But, at the restoration of the house of Savoy to the kingdom of Sardinia, four days after the king had taken possession of his palace at Turin, they were replaced under their former disabilities, and bare

Raccolta degli Editti di Savoia e del Piedmonte. Gilles, Hist. Eccles. des Vauds, p. 567. See Rentrée glorieuse des Vaudois, par H. Arnaud, and Translation by H. D. Acland. See Gilly's Waldensian Researches, p. 555. See the Correspondence of Mr Hedges with the duke of Newcastle, published in Dr Gilly's Waldensian Researches, pp. 539, 540. Valdenses toleration only was conceded to them. The restored prince acknowledged, on more occasions than one, "the constant and distinguished proof which the Valdenses had ever given to his predecessors of attachment and fidelity;" and bore this testimony to their merit: "I know I have faithful subjects in the Vaudois; they will never dishonour their character." But still he listened to evil counsel, and the yoke was again placed upon their necks. And evil counsellors still prevail. In 1832, the measures adopted against the Valdenses were so threatening, that the British parliament took up their cause; and extracts of the treaties between Great Britain and the dukes of Savoy and kings of Sardinia, were ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, on the motion of Sir R. Inglis, with the correspondence of the British minister at Turin, relative to the treatment of the Protestants in Piedmont in 1737.

The reigning king of Sardinia, Charles Albert, is disposed to shew them kindness, and to place them on a level with his other subjects. He has proved this by numberless acts of favour; but the tiara and the mitre are too strong for the crown in Piedmont; and the baneful influence of the papal authority, so late as September 1837, wrung from the reluctant king; two articles in the new code of Sardinia, by which the intolerant edicts of the 16th and 17th centuries are renewed, and may be put in force as soon as the Roman hierarchy shall feel itself strong enough to do so. In the meantime, another engine is employed against the hapless Valdenses. The rich order of St Maurice and St Lazarus has contributed 238,617 francs, (L9544) and an income of 17,000 francs (L680) a-year, towards the establishment of a fraternity of missionary priests at La Tour, whose business it will be to make proselytes from among the descendants of a race which has never yet swerved from its faith, but which will now be exposed more than ever, to the threats and artifices of an adversary who knows well how to turn opportunities to advantage.

The Protestants of England have not been inattentive to the condition of their brethren in the valleys of Piedmont. Public collections have on several occasions been made throughout the kingdom; and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts is the trustee of considerable funds raised in their behalf. A committee in London, consisting of the archbishop of Canterbury, several bishops, and other persons of distinction, has also been employing contributions in aid of the clergy, hospitals, and schools of the Valdenses, and watching over their interests since the year 1825.

The difficulties with which the Valdenses have now to contend are, poverty, and reduced numbers, being confined to limits which do not produce subsistence for more than a very limited population. They also labour under the disadvantage of having to learn three languages before they can receive competent instruction. Their national language is Italian; their vernacular tongue is a provincial dialect, peculiar to their district; and the language of instruction is French, because in that only they can obtain books of devotion used by Protestants.

If the government of Great Britain should cease to exercise its good offices at the court of Turin, in behalf of the Protestants of Piedmont; or, if the people of Great Britain should become indifferent to the moral and spiritual wants of this impoverished community, the religious liberties of the Valdenses will be no more, and the lamp of this little mountain-church will be extinguished for ever.

Since this article went to press, some additional information on the sacred literature and religious prospects of this interesting community has transpired. Their liberties have been further threatened by three intimations, which strike at the very root of their Christian privileges. The first is an article of the code promulgated at Turin, which forbids the printing of manuscripts, for their use, in other countries, unless they shall have previously passed the censorship at Turin. This will have the effect of cutting off the future supply of religious books and tracts, because the board of censors is composed entirely of Roman Catholics. The second is an order published in the Turin Gazette of 27th December 1840, to this effect:—“By decree of the holy congregation of Rome, the New Testament of our Lord Jesus Christ, translated into the Piedmontese language, is condemned and prohibited.” This prohibition, made at the instigation of Rome, appears seven years after the book had passed the censorship, and had been introduced by legal permission into the Protestant valleys of Piedmont. The third is a message sent to the Valdesian moderator, by the president of revision at Turin, demanding by what authority the College of the Holy Trinity at La Tour has a library of books!

The other intelligence is of a more pleasing nature, viz. the existence of three copies of the ancient Valdesian version of the New Testament. It was feared that all the manuscripts of this valuable and vernacular translation had perished, but some recent inquiries made by the Rev. Dr. Gilly have led to the announcement that three at least remain. In the public library of Grenoble, the Codex No. 488, is a relic of the thirteenth century. It is a manuscript on vellum, a small 4to, containing, in the following order, the four Gospels, the Epistles of St. Paul, St. James, St. Peter, St. John, and St. Jude, the Acts of the Apostles, the Apocalypse, the Proverbs of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, and the Song of Solomon; all in the Piedmontano-Provençal dialect of the Valdenses.

In the library of Trinity College, Dublin, a transcript of the same version, on parchment, is preserved, which is said to have been written in 1522. In the public library of Zürich, there is also to be seen a copy of an ancient Valdesian translation of the New Testament, which differs in some degree from the two above-mentioned, but is believed to have been written between the years 1350 and 1400. This manuscript is thus described:—“Codex MS. Novi Testamenti Valdensis, C. §§ chartae, seculi xiv. formas 12. nunc constans folis DIII.”