re penetrated by rivers, which appear to have forced their way through solid rocks. The principal ridge is more especially called Allegany, and is descriptively named the Back Bone of the United States. The general name of the whole range, taken collectively, is the Allegany Mountains. Mr Evans calls them the Endless Mountains; others have called them the Appalachian Mountains, from a tribe of Indians who lived on a river which proceeds from this mountain, called the Appalachicola; but the most common name is the Allegany Mountains.

They pass through the states eastward of the Mississippi like a spine or back-bone, and give rise to nearly all the rivers in that region. They approach the sea at the river Hudson, but take a direction inland from that point, and in Georgia are above 200 miles from the sea. They are generally covered with natural wood, and capable of cultivation, with some exceptions. The soil in the valleys between the ridges is found to be superior to that between the mountains and the sea, and is indeed among the best in the United States. Towards the northern extremity of the Alleghanies, the primitive rocks cover a great breadth of country; but southward of New York they are chiefly confined to the eastern slope of the mountains. A zone of transition rocks from 20 to 40 miles in breadth extends nearly the whole length of the chain; and beyond this to the westward the country is chiefly limestone. They are not confusedly scattered, but run along in ridges generally of a uniform height, estimated on an average at 3000 feet. The ground rises to them from the sea so gradually that their height does not much strike the eye. They contain a considerable variety of minerals, and on the western side great beds of coal.

Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania, rises on the western side of the Allegany Mountains, and after running about 300 miles in a south-west direction, meets the Monongahela at Pittsburg, and both united form the Ohio. The lands on each side of this river, for 150 miles above Pittsburg, consist of white oak and chestnut ridges, and in many places of poor pitch pines, interspersed with tracts of good land and low meadows. It is navigable for boats of ten tons for 260 miles above Pittsburg.