formerly a duchy of Piedmont, but now a province of the kingdom of Sardinia, lying south of Valais and east of Savoy. It has an area of 1025 geographical square miles, and in 1848 contained 81,232 inhabitants. The country is in general mountainous; but there are several valleys of great extent, particularly the Val d'Aosta. By the industry of the inhabitants these low grounds are very fruitful in wine, oil, and pasture; and the mountains abound in iron and copper.

chief town of the foregoing duchy, and the see of a bishop. It is situated on the river Doria, at the foot of the Alps, where the great commercial roads from Savoy and the Valais to Piedmont, over the Great and Little St Bernard, meet each other. The town, though large, is meanly built. It is remarkable for several monuments of the Romans, and for being the birthplace of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Long. 7. 20. E. Lat. 45. 44. N. Pop. 7120.

APÆDUSIA (α, priv., and ἐδιδάσκω, I instruct), denotes ignorance or unskilfulness in what relates to learning and the sciences. Hence also persons uninstructed and illiterate are called apædeutes. The term apædeutes was particularly used among the French in the time of Huet, when the men of wit at Paris were divided into two factions, one called by way of reproach apædeutes, and the other eruditii. The apædeutes are represented by Huet as persons who, finding themselves either incapable or unwilling to undergo a severe course of study in order to become truly learned, conspire to decry learning, and turn the knowledge of antiquity into ridicule, thus making a merit of their own incapacity. The apædeutes in fact were the men of pleasure, the eruditii the men of study. The apædeutes in everything preferred the modern writers to the ancient, to supersede the necessity of studying the latter. The eruditii derided the moderns, and valued themselves wholly on their acquaintance with the ancients.