an angel occupying an exalted rank among the spiritual intelligences. The Jewish writers place the archangels in the eighth rank of the celestial hierarchy.

government of European Russia, lying between Lat. 61. and 71. N. and Long. 29. and 68. E. It is bounded on the north by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, on the west by Finland and Olonetz, on the south by Vologda, and on the east by the Ural Mountains. It comprehends also the islands of Nova-Zembla, Waigats, and some others. Its area is estimated at 322,500 square miles, and its population in 1846 was calculated to amount to 253,000. The climate is for most part of the year intensely cold. That part of Archangel which lies within the arctic circle has a very desolate and sterile aspect, presenting little to the eye but extensive plains of sand and moss. The winter is long and severe; and even in summer the soil is frozen at a little depth below the surface. The rivers are closed in September, and scarcely thawed before July. South of the arctic circle the greater part is covered with immense forests, part with extensive lakes and marshes, and part affords excellent pasturage for cattle. Here the spring is moist, with cold, frosty nights; the summer, a succession of long foggy days; the autumn moist; and the rivers are closed from October to April. The northern districts are incapable of being cultivated, and the inhabitants support themselves by fishing and the chase. In the southern districts considerable quantities of hemp and flax are raised, but grain crops are little attended to, and the bark of trees is mixed with corn to eke out the scanty products of the harvest. The principal wealth of the government consists in its immense forests, that furnish materials for ship-building, which is carried on to a considerable extent. Their horses and cattle are diminutive, except in the district of Kholmogory, where excellent cattle are reared. The preparation of pitch and tar is an active branch of industry; and in the districts around Archangel coarse linens are manufactured to a considerable extent, as well as cordage, mats, leather, tallow, turpentine, and potash. This government is divided into eight circles, viz.:—Archangel, Chenkursk, Mezen, Cola, Onega, Pinega, Kholmogory, and Kem. Its chief rivers are the Onega, Pinega, Dwina, Mezen, Petschora, and Ousa. The population was originally Finnish, but it is now chiefly Russian, with some Samoides and Laplanders.

city of Russia, capital of the government and circle of the same name. It is situated on the right bank of the river Dwina, 35 miles from its mouth, in Lat. 64. 32. 8. N. Long. 40. 33. E. The entrance to the Dwina was discovered by the English navigator Richard Chancellor in 1553, when in quest of a north-eastern passage to China. The city of Archangel was founded in 1584, and derived its name from the convent of St Michael the Archangel. It soon became the first trading port of Russia, and continued to be so till the rise of St Petersburg, when its commercial importance declined. In 1762 it received the same immunities as St Petersburg; and since that time it has been gradually recovering its former prosperity. Except the bazaar, which is an immense edifice, its buildings are almost entirely constructed of wood. It is the seat of an archbishop, and of a civil and military governor; has one Protestant and ten Greek churches; an ecclesiastical seminary with nine professors; a gymnasium; academies for navigation and engineering; and a naval hospital. The manufactures consist of linen, leather, canvas, cordage, mats, and sugar, and there are several breweries. Archangel is indebted for its prosperity principally to its situation on the Dwina, which is united by canals with the Volga on the one side, and with the Neva on the other, by which means it is the mart of a large extent of territory, some articles being transported thither even from Siberia. Its traffic varies considerably in different years, being much influenced by the demand for corn in England and other parts of Europe. Its principal exports are grain, flax, hemp, timber, lincseed, iron, mats, tar, and tallow; its imports are chiefly colonial produce, woollens, cottons, and hardware. In 1847, the value of its exports was Ll.410,880. The value of its imports is always much less than that of its exports. Its harbour is at the island of Solenbolsk, about a mile below the town, and is open only from July to September. A bar at the mouth of the Dwina, with only from 13 to 14 feet of water, obliges vessels of greater draught to load and unload by means of lighters outside the bar. About twelve miles below the town, there is a government dockyard with slips for building vessels, and also some warehouses belonging to merchants in the city. The best season of their year is from the middle of July to the middle of August, before which time fogs and high winds prevail. After that period the nights become cold; and in September it is usually very stormy. There the shortest day has only 3 hours 12 minutes, the longest 21 hours 48 minutes.