PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES, Duke of Castiglione, was the son of obscure parents, and born in 1757. After enlisting in the armies of France, he afterwards entered into the Neapolitan service; but retired from it and joined the Republican army that watched the movements of Spain in 1792. He became an officer in the army of Italy, and distinguished himself in storming the Bridge of Lodi in 1796. Next year he took part with Barras and the Directory, and was the prime agent in the revolution of Fructidor; but his jealousy of his former comrade, Buonaparte, prevented their intimacy; and he had the honour of being one of the general officers not privy to the noted revolution of the 18th of Brumaire (Nov. 9.) 1799. Mutual jealousy kept them aloof until 1805, when Augereau was made a marshal of the French Empire, and appointed to the command of the expedition against the Vorarlberg, which he quickly subdued. He distinguished himself greatly in the battles of Jena and Eylau. In 1809-10 he commanded the French in Catalonia, and tarnished his laurels by unnecessary cruelty to the Spaniards; but he was again more honourably conspicuous in the campaign of 1813, especially in the terrible battle of Leipzig. In 1814 he submitted, and retained a command under the Bourbons; and in the following year he refused to join Napoleon on his escape from Elba. He had the painful task of being one of the commission that sat on the trial of Marshal Ney, whom he did not long survive, as he died of dropsy in 1816.