Jean, a distinguished botanist, born at Basle, in 1541. He was the son of an eminent physician, who quitted France, his native country, on account of religion, and settled at Basle. In early life he travelled with Gesner, the celebrated naturalist, and collected plants in the Alps, in France, and in Italy, for the great botanical work which he afterwards accomplished. He first practised medicine at Basle, where he was elected professor of rhetoric in 1566. He then resided for some time at Yverdun; and in 1570 was invited to be physician to the Duke of Wirtemberg at Montbéliard; a situation in which he spent the remainder of his life. He devoted his time chiefly to botany, on which he bestowed great labour. He likewise prosecuted other branches of natural history, and published an account of Medicinal Waters throughout Europe. His great work on plants was not completed at his death, which happened in 1613. A society at Yverdun published in 1619 the Prodromus; but it was not till 1650 and 1651 that the work itself appeared, in three vols. folio, entitled Historia Plantarum nova et absolutissima, cum Auctorum consensu et dissenso circa eas. This performance, with all its defects, has been pronounced by Haller to be without an equal. It is still considered a standard work; and the names of John Bauhin and his brother rank high among the founders and first promoters of botanical science.

Gaspard, brother of the former, was born at Basle in 1550. He was early devoted to physic, and pursued his studies at Padua, Montpellier, and some of the celebrated schools in Germany. In his journeys he collected a number of plants which had escaped his brother's notice. Returning to Basle in 1580, he was admitted to the degree of doctor, and gave private lectures in botany and anatomy. In 1582 he was appointed to the Greek professorship in that university, and in 1588 to the chair of anatomy and botany. He was afterwards made city physician, professor of the practice of medicine, rector of the university, and dean of his faculty. Haller gives him the character of being assiduous and laborious in collecting plants, by which means he surpassed his brother in the number of them, as he also did in the accuracy of his figures; but he possessed less acuteness of judgment in distinguishing varieties, and in detecting the same species under different names. He published several works relative to botany, of which the most valuable is his Pinax Theatri Botanici, seu index in Theophrasti, Dioscoridis, Plinii, et botanicorum qui a seculo scripserunt opera, plantarum fere sex millium nomina, cum synonymis et differentiis. Opus XIV. annorum, &c. The confusion that began to arise at this time from the number of botanical writers who described the same plant under different names, rendered such a task as this highly necessary; and though there are many defects in the execution, the Pinax of Bauhin is still a useful key to all the writers before his time. other great work which he planned was a *Theatrum Botanicum*, meant to be comprised in twelve parts folio, of which he finished three; only one however was published. He also gave a very copious catalogue of the plants growing in the environs of Basle; and edited the works of Matthiolus with considerable additions. He likewise wrote on anatomy: his principal work on this subject is *Theatrum Anatomicum infinitis locis auctum*, 4to, Frankf. 1621; which is a kind of *pinax* of anatomical facts and opinions. He died in 1624.

**BAUMANS HöHLE**, a celebrated series of natural caverns, described and figured by Leibnitz in his *Protogaea*. They obtained this name from an unfortunate miner who, in 1670, ventured to explore the cave, and being there lost for three days and nights, died of exhaustion soon after escaping from its recesses. The cave is in a bed of limestone of transition, about two miles from the town of Ellingrade, and 18 from Goslar. The entrance is 15 feet wide, and 5 feet high; and leads by a rapid descent to a grand chamber, between 40 and 50 feet in diameter, and from 10 to 20 feet in height. From the roof depend stalactites; and the floors of the cavern have been all covered with stalagmite, much broken up in the search for the fossil bones that abound there. The bones, like those in other German caves, are those of the fossil elephant, rhinoceros, bear, hyaena, &c., imbedded in mud and sand mixed with water-worn pebbles. This detritus incloses the antediluvian bones, but the human bones found in this and other similar caves have evidently a more recent origin, being the remains of persons who have accidentally perished there. (*Leibnitz, Protogaea; Buckland's Reliquiae Diluvianae.*)

**BAUMP**, Antoine, a Parisian apothecary, distinguished by his knowledge of chemistry, and by his practical application of that knowledge, was born at Senlis in 1728. He was the son of an innkeeper, and was put as apprentice to the eminent chemist Geoffroy. He had to contend with the disadvantages of a defective education; yet he nevertheless prosecuted his scientific researches with great success. In 1752 he was admitted a member of the College of Pharmacy; soon after he was appointed professor of chemistry at that establishment; and in his lectures he displayed the excellent arrangement which is seen in his published works. He carried to a great extent his commercial establishment in Paris for the preparation of drugs for medicine and the arts, such as the acetate of lead, the muriate of tin, mercurial salts, and antimonial preparations. At the same time he published a number of papers on chemical science, and on arts and manufactures. He established the first manufactory of sal-ammoniac in France, a substance which before that time had been obtained from Egypt. He was the first also who devised and set on foot a process for bleaching raw silk. Having acquired a competency by the success of these different undertakings, he retired from trade, and devoted his time to the application of chemistry to the arts. He improved the process for dyeing scarlet at the manufactory of the Gobelins, and published a cheap process for purifying saltpetre. By the revolution he lost his fortune, but this calamity, instead of disheartening him, stimulated him to resume his trade. He was chosen a correspondent of the Institute in 1798, and died in 1804, at the age of seventy-six. He was temperate, active, and regular in his habits. Many of his papers are published in the *Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences*. Of his separate publications, the following may be mentioned here: *Dissertation sur l'Ether*, in 12mo; *Plan d'un Cours de Chimie Experimentale*, 1757, in 12mo; *Opuscules de Chimie*, 1798, in 8vo; *Element de Pharmacie Theorique et Pratique*, 2 vols. 8vo; *Chimie Experimentale et Raisonnee*, 3 vols. 8vo, 1773.