one of the legations or provinces of the Papal States, bounded on the north by Ferrara, east by Ravenna, south by Tuscany, and west by Modena. Area 1430 square miles; pop. 350,600. It is a district of great natural fertility, and though but indifferently cultivated produces abundant crops of rice, barley, wheat, and pulse, besides hemp, flax, silk, oil, wine, figs, almonds, chestnuts, and other fruits.

the principal city of the above legation, and the see of an archbishop, is situated between the rivers Reno and Savena, in a beautiful and fertile plain at the foot of the lower slopes of the Apennines, 399 feet above the level of the Adriatic, and 23 miles S.E. of Modena. Lat. 44° 30' N. Long. 11° 21' E. The city is about 2 miles in length by 1½ in breadth, and is surrounded by a high brick wall, having 12 gates, but without fortifications. It is intersected by the Reno canal, and is divided into four quarters. The streets are clean and well paved, but generally narrow and crooked; the houses are mostly three stories high, with deep projecting roofs, and are generally surrounded with arcades. The Piazza Maggiore, or principal square, has many fine edifices. In the centre is a fountain, adorned with a colossal statue of Neptune, by Giovanni de Bologna, and said to be one of the finest modern statues in Italy. Among its principal buildings are the Palazzo Pubblico, the Palazzo del Podesta, and numerous private palaces; the two leaning towers of Asinelli and Garisenda, the Scuola Pic, cathedral, &c. The university, the oldest and at one time the most celebrated in Italy, has lost its reputation, and is not now frequented by above 600 or 700 students. The library contains about 140,000 volumes and 9000 MSS. The famous linguist Cardinal Mezzofanti was for some time librarian here. The Accademia delle Belle Arte has a rich gallery of paintings, chiefly by native artists. There are cabinets of mineralogy and natural history; academies of science, music, sculpture, &c.; several schools; a public library; 74 churches, 35 convents for monks, and 38 for nuns; 9 hospitals, a monte di pietà, and many other benevolent institutions. Its principal manufactures are crape, silk, glass, chemicals, wax can-

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1 The principal facts connected with the later history of Bolivia were obtained from some valuable manuscripts and public documents with which the writer (the late Dr Gillies) was favoured by the author of the Memoirs of General Miller. More recent sources have furnished the supplementary portion of this article. Bologna is said to have been founded by Felizia, an Etruscan king, who gave it his name and made it the capital of the twelve Etruscan cities. When, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, it was occupied by a tribe of the Boii, its name was changed to Bononia, although some contend that this name was given to it by an Etruscan king Bonor. Under the Romans Bononia gradually became a place of some consequence, and it was chosen in the time of the second triumvirate as the seat of an interview between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. After the fall of the Roman empire it passed into the power of the Lombards, and on their subjugation by Charlemagne it was united to the empire of the Franks. In 962 it threw off the yoke and became a republic, at first aristocratic, but towards the end of the thirteenth century democratic. The middle ages formed the period of its greatest celebrity and importance. In the contest between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines, the Bolognese, after a long neutrality, sided with the former, and became deeply involved in struggles both foreign and intestine. After innumerable revolutions of fortune, Bologna was finally annexed to the papal dominions by Pope Julian II. in 1506. After its capture by the French in 1796, it was made a constituent part of a new republic, and afterwards of the kingdom of Italy. On the fall of Napoleon it reverted to the papal dominion. A revolution in 1831 was quelled by the intervention of Austrian troops. In 1848 the Austrian general Welden made an attack upon this city, but was repulsed with great bravery by the inhabitants. The following year, however, the Bolognese were obliged to surrender after a heroic defence of ten days. The Austrians have since then maintained possession, which has subsequently been sanctioned by a treaty with the papal government.

Bologna, Giovanni di (or Giovanni Bologna, as he styled himself), a very celebrated sculptor, born at Douay in 1524. He went early to Italy, and studied at Florence, where his finest works still remain. His two most celebrated productions are the single bronze figure of Mercury, poised on one foot, resting on the head of a Zephyr, as if in the act of springing into the air (in the Florentine gallery); and the famous marble group of the Rape of the Sabines, which received this name, as we read in Lanzi, after it was finished. It is now in the Loggia de Lanzi of the ducal piazza. Giovanni was also employed at Genoa, where he executed various excellent works, chiefly in bronze. All his pieces are characterized by great spirit and elegance.

The surname of Bologna is common to a large number of Italian artists and literary men, from the twelfth to the seventeenth century.