(LOUIS GABRIEL AMBOISE) VICOMTE DE, a French philosophical writer, was born in the year 1754 at Monna, near Milhan, in the department of Aveyron. He began life as a soldier, but having little sympathy with the revolutionary principles then abroad, he emigrated in 1791 and joined the army of Condé. Soon afterwards he quitted the service and retired to Heidelberg, where he devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, entitled Théorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux, was published at Con- Bonaparte stance in 1796, but was interdicted by the French Directory. It was republished at Paris in 1843. Though a staunch supporter of the Bourbons, Bonald returned in 1804 to Paris, where he supported himself for many years by his pen, refusing various advantageous offers from the family of Napoleon. In 1815 he was chosen deputy for Aveyron, and distinguished himself by his efforts to check the abuses of the press. In 1823 he was nominated a peer of France, and accepted office under the government; but he lost both his title and his place by refusing to take oath to the new government of 1830. In that year he retired to his birthplace, where he died on the 23rd November 1840, at the age of eighty-six. His philosophical, social, and political theories are based on this proposition, "L'homme pense sa parole, avant de parler sa pensée. Loin que la parole soit le produit de la pensée c'est elle-même qui en est le principe. Or, si la parole est antérieure à la pensée d'où peut elle venir, si non de Dieu même?" The principal works of M. Bonald, besides those already mentioned, are La Legislation Primitive, Paris, 1821, 3 vols. 8vo; Recherches Philosophiques sur les premiers Objets des connaissances morales, 2 vols. 8vo, 1818 and 1826; Démonstration Philosophique du principe constitutif de la Société, Paris, 1830, 8vo.