now CANOSA, an old and celebrated town of Apulia, on the right bank of the Aufidus, 15 miles from the mouth of that river, and 6 miles from the ancient Canne. Like very many of the more important cities in this part of Italy, it is said to have been founded by the Grecian hero Diomed: the origin of the city, however, can be traced with tolerable certainty to the Pelasgi. Canusium is first mentioned in history as assisting the Samnites in their wars against the Romans, by whom it was subdued for the first time B.C. 318. In the second Punic war the inhabitants gave a strong proof of their patriotism by sheltering within their walls the relics of the Roman army, which retreated thither after the rout at Cannae. In the second year of the social war, in which Canusium joined the revolted allies, it was besieged unsuccessfully by the Romans. In the civil wars it suffered severely, but always contrived to secure its municipal privileges, and was never colonized from Rome till the days of Marcus Aurelius. Canusium is repeatedly mentioned in the Latin classics. In the Iter ad Brundusium of Horace, its bread is described as gritty, and its water is extremely scanty. This last defect was remedied by Herodes Atticus, who constructed an aqueduct, of which the remains are still visible. In the tenth satire of the first book of Horace, the inhabitants are called biligues, either from their duplicity, or, as is more generally believed, from their speaking Latin or Greek indifferently. The modern Canosa is built on the site of the ancient citadel of Canusium, and contains about 6000 inhabitants. Many interesting remains of antiquity are from time to time discovered in the neighbourhood.