or Cappadocia Magna, was bounded north by Galatia and Pontus; east by Armenia and Mount Taurus; west by Galatia and Lycaonia; and south by Mount Taurus. Its early history and condition are wrapped in obscurity. The only authentic accounts which have come down to us do not remount beyond the period of its subjection to Persia, and the native princes who held it in fief from the Persian king. The first of these were Pharmaces, who is said to have married Atossa, the sister of Cambyses, and to have been slain in a war with the Hyrcanians. The princes who succeeded him (Smerdis, Atamanas, Anaphas I. and II., Datames, Ariarathes I., Ariarathes I., and Ophernes) continued faithful to the Persian interest, and under Ariarathes II., who (disregarding the previous and somewhat fabulous line of kings), is generally called Ariarathes I., the Cappadocians continued to struggle for their independence, when the rest of the kingdom had been overrun and dismembered by Alexander the

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1 Savigny's Geschichte des Römischen Rechts im Mittelalter, Ed. i. S. 143. We quote Mr Cathcart's translation, the best, so far as it goes, that we have hitherto chance upon. See likewise Eichhorn's Deutsche Staats und Rechtsgeschichte, Th. i. S. 346, and Conringius De Origine Juris Germanici, p. 88, edit. Helmstedt, 1720, 4to.

2 In reference to this subject, the reader may consult a work entitled "Commentatio de Marculfinis alisque similibus Formalis, Liber singularis; auctor Dr J. A. L. Seidensticker," Jenæ, 1818, 4to.

3 The work described in the Biographie Universelle as a publication of various manuscripts, is merely a catalogue of Baluze's library. Bibliotheca Baluziana, seu Catalogus Librorum Bibliothecæ v. cl. Stephani Baluzii Tutelensis." Paris, 1719, 2 tom. 8vo. This library contained 10,799 printed books, and many hundred manuscripts. Of one of his early publications, which we had no opportunity of inspecting, we have copied a French title from Niceron, but the work is written in Latin; "Disquisition Seculi quo vixit Sanctus Sacerdos, Episcopus Lemovicensis." Tutela Lemovicum, 1655, 8vo. Great. After the death of Alexander, Perdiccas, marching into Cappadocia with a powerful and well-disciplined army, succeeded in taking Ariarathes prisoner, and crucified him and all those of the royal blood who fell into his hands. His son Ariarathes II., however, having escaped the general slaughter, fled into Armenia, where he lay concealed till the civil dissensions which arose among the Macedonians after the death of Eumenes (to whom Perdiccas had surrendered the kingdom), gave him a favourable opportunity of recovering the throne. Having defeated Amyntas in a pitched battle, he compelled the Macedonians to abandon all the strongholds, and after a long and undisturbed reign, left his kingdom to his son Ariamnes II., under whose peaceful administration Cappadocia made great progress. Under Ariarathes III., who waged a successful war with Arsaces, founder of the Parthian monarchy, the territory of Cappadocia was considerably enlarged.

He was succeeded by Ariarathes IV., who joined Antiochus the Great against the Romans, and after his defeat was obliged to atone for taking up arms against the people of Rome by paying a fine of two hundred talents. He afterwards assisted the republic with men and money against Perseus king of Macedon, and was honoured by the senate with the title of the friend and ally of the Roman people. He left the kingdom to his son Mithridates, who took the name of Ariarathes V.

During the reign of this prince, surnamed Philopater, from the strength and constancy of his filial affection, the Cappadocians remained in close alliance with Rome. In the beginning of his reign, having been relieved from an invasion by Mithridarzanes the king of Lesser Armenia, whom he himself had placed on the throne at the intervention of the republic, he presented the senate with a golden crown, and received in return a staff and chair of ivory. Not long before this, Demetrius Soter, king of Syria, had offered Ariarathes in marriage his sister, the widow of Perseus king of Macedon, an honour which he declined for fear of offending the Romans. Demetrius, greatly incensed at the slight, set up a rival to the throne of Cappadocia in the person of Olophernes a supposititious son of the deceased king, and succeeded in driving Ariarathes from his throne.

The usurper having sent a present to Rome in token of his allegiance, contrived to make his case appear so plausible to the senate that he was invested by them with a share of the kingdom; but in the following year he was expelled by Attalus, who had succeeded Eumenes on the throne of Pergamus.

Ariarathes, being thus restored, avenged the refusal of the Priennians to restore four hundred talents of gold which Olophernes had deposited with them, and would have stormed their capital if the Romans, to whom they appealed, had not commanded him to desist. Disappointed of his revenge in this respect, Ariarathes hastened into Assyria to avenge himself on Demetrius Soter, by whose instrumentality he had been driven from the throne. By joining his forces to those of Alexander Epiphanes, who had already taken the field against the Syrian king, the war was quickly ended. In the very first engagement Demetrius was slain, and his army entirely dispersed. Some years afterwards Ariarathes, having espoused the cause of the Romans in their contest with Aristonicus, a claimant of the throne of Pergamus, he was slain in the same battle in which Crassus proconsul of Asia was taken, and the Roman army cut to pieces. He left six sons by his wife Laodice, on whom the Romans bestowed Lycaonia and Cilicia. But Laodice, fearing lest her children when they came of age should take the government out of her hands, poisoned five of them; the youngest only having escaped her cruelty by being conveyed out of the kingdom. She was soon, however, put to death by her subjects, who rose in rebellion against her tyrannical government.

Laodice was succeeded by Ariarathes VI., who soon after his accession married Laodice, daughter of Mithridates the Great, wishing to gain the alliance of that powerful prince in his contest with Nicomedes king of Bithynia, who laid claim to part of his kingdom. Mithridates, however, instead of assisting, procured the death of Ariarathes by poison, and under pretence of maintaining the rights of the Cappadocians against Nicomedes, proclaimed himself regent till the children of Ariarathes should be competent to govern the kingdom. The Cappadocians at first acquiesced; but finding him unwilling to resign the regency in favour of the lawful king, they rose in arms, expelled the foreign garrisons, and placed Ariarathes VII., eldest son of the late king, on the throne.

The new prince found himself immediately engaged in a war with Nicomedes; but, being assisted by Mithridates, not only drove him out of Cappadocia, but stripped him of a great part of his hereditary dominions. On the conclusion of the peace, the refusal of Ariarathes to recall Gordius the murderer of his father, led to a war with Mithridates. When the two armies met on the frontiers of Cappadocia, Mithridates invited Ariarathes to a conference, and openly stabbed him with a dagger which he had concealed in his dress. The terror-stricken Cappadocians immediately dispersed, and submitted to the yoke of Mithridates; but, unable to endure the tyranny of his prefects, they quickly rose in rebellion, and recalling the exiled brother of the late king they placed him on the throne. He had scarcely ascended the throne when Mithridates invaded the kingdom at the head of a numerous army, defeated the army of the Cappadocians with great slaughter, and compelled Ariarathes VIII. to abandon the kingdom. The unhappy prince soon after died of grief; and Mithridates bestowed the kingdom on his own son, a youth only eight years old, giving him also the name of Ariarathes. But Nicomedes Philopater, king of Bithynia, dreading the increase of power in a rival already so formidable, claimed the throne for a youth who pretended to be the third son of Ariarathes, and whom he sent with Laodice to Rome, to advocate his cause. Having received the declaration of Laodice that the petitioner was one of three sons which she had borne to Ariarathes, and whom she had kept concealed lest he should share the fate of his brothers, the senate assured him that they would reinstate him in his kingdom. Mithridates, receiving notice of these transactions, despatched Gordius to Rome to advocate his cause, and to persuade the senate that the youth to whom he had resigned the kingdom of Cappadocia was the lawful son of the late king, and grandson to Ariarathes, who had lost his life in the service of the Romans against Aristonicus. On receiving this embassy, the senate inquired more narrowly into the matter, discovered the whole plot, and ordered Mithridates to resign Cappadocia. The Cappadocians enjoyed their freedom for a short time, but soon sent ambassadors to Rome, requesting the senate to appoint a king. Leave was given them to elect a king of their own nation; and as the family of Pharnaces was now extinct, they chose Ariobarzanes, who received the sanction of the senate, and continued steadily attached to the Roman interest.

Ariobarzanes had scarcely taken possession of his kingdom when he was driven out by Tigranes, king of Armenia, who resigned Cappadocia to the son of Mithridates, in terms of an alliance previously concluded between them. Ariobarzanes fled to Rome, and by the assistance of Sylla, who routed Gordius the general of Mithridates, he was quickly reinstated in his kingdom. On the retreat of Sylla, however, Ariobarzanes was again driven out by Ariarathes, the son of Mithridates, whom Tigranes had set up as king. By the intervention of Sylla, Ariobarzanes was again placed on the throne; and immediately after Sylla's death he was a third time forced to abandon his kingdom, when Pompey, after defeating Mithridates near Mount Stella, restored the unfortunate monarch, and rewarded him for his services during the war with the provinces of Sophene, Gordyene, and a great part of Cilicia. Weared with such a succession of disasters, soon after his restoration he resigned the crown to his son Ariobarzanes, and spent the rest of his life in retirement.

Ariobarzanes II. proved no less faithful to the Romans than his father had been. On the breaking out of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he sided with the latter; but after the death of Pompey he was received into favour by Caesar, who bestowed upon him a great part of Armenia. While the emperor was engaged in a war with the Egyptians, Pharnaces, king of Pontus, invaded Cappadocia and stripped Ariobarzanes of all his dominions; but Caesar, after defeating Pharnaces, restored the king of Cappadocia, and honoured him with new titles of friendship. After the murder of Caesar, Ariobarzanes, refusing to join Brutus and Cassius, was declared an enemy to the republic, and soon afterwards taken prisoner and put to death. He was succeeded by his brother Ariobarzanes III., who shared the same fate at the hands of Antony. With him the royal family became extinct.

Archelaus, the grandson of the general of the same name who commanded against Sylla in the Mithridatic war, owed his elevation to the throne of Cappadocia solely to the intrigues of his mother Glaphyra with Mark Antony, to whom he remained faithful in the contests with Augustus. On the defeat of Antony, he was pardoned by the emperor at the intercession of the Cappadocians, and received Armenia Minor and Cilicia Trachea as a reward for having assisted the Romans in clearing the seas of pirates, who infested the coast of Asia. He contracted a strict friendship with Herod the Great, king of Judæa; and married his daughter Glaphyra to Alexander, Herod's son. On the accession of Tiberius (who entertained a secret hostility to Archelaus on account of his previous neglect of his merits during the lifetime of Caius Caesar), he was decoyed to Rome by the fair promises of Livia, the emperor's mother; but being accused before the senate, and loaded with reproaches at the court, he died of grief, after a reign of fifty years.

On the death of Archelaus, the kingdom of Cappadocia was reduced to a Roman province, and governed by men of the equestrian order. It shared the fortunes of the Eastern Empire till the rise of the Turkish power and the fall of Byzantium. Under the Turkish rule it is comprehended in the Ejalet, or government of Seïsas.

In the time of the Romans, the inhabitants of Cappadocia were so infamous for vice and profligacy that among the neighbouring nations a worthless man was aptly termed a Cappadocian. The reception of Christianity, however, produced a wondrous change on the character of the population; and in the struggles of the early church we find them taking a prominent part. In ecclesiastical history, several of its cities have become among the most famous of antiquity. Nyssa and Nazianzum, the cities of the two Gregories; Caesarea, the city of Basil; to say nothing of Tyana and Samosata.

We have now no system of the Cappadocian law, and scarcely anything by which to form an estimate of Cappadocian jurisprudence. Their commerce was limited to a trade in horses, great numbers of which were reared in the table-lands, and taken to the fairs of Tyre to be sold; as we learn from Ezek. xxvii. 14. It is probable that they also acted as carriers of the mineral produce of the Cappadocian Pontus.

The religion of the ancient Cappadocians resembled that of the Persians, but was largely interspersed with Grecian myths. At Comana there was a rich and stately temple in which the bloody rites of Bellona were celebrated; and the temples of Apollo, Catanius, and Jupiter, were thronged with crowds of votaries. The chief priest of Jupiter was next in rank to that of Bellona, and, according to Strabo, had a yearly revenue of fifteen talents. Diana Persica was worshipped in a city called Castaballa, where Cappoeni women devoted to the worship of that goddess were reported to tread barefooted on burning coals without receiving any hurt. The temples of Diana at Diospolis, and of Anias at Zela, were likewise held in great veneration both by the Cappadocians and Armenians, who flocked to them from all parts. In the latter were taken all oaths in matters of importance; and the chief priest, who was attended by a royal retinue, possessed unlimited authority over all the inferior servants and officers of the temple. The Romans, who readily adopted all the superstitious rites of conquered nations, greatly increased the revenues of the temples, and thus made the priesthood the willing tools of their ambitious designs. It is said that human sacrifices were offered at Comana; and that this barbarous custom was brought by Orestes and his sister Iphigenia from Tauris Seythica, where men and women were immolated to Diana. But this custom, if ever it obtained in Cappadocia, was abolished in the times of the Romans.

CAPPOQUIN, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, on the Blackwater, 27 miles west of Waterford. Pop. (1851) 2145. It has a church, Roman Catholic chapel, and a dispensary.