a town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, 10 miles from the city of that name. Its public buildings worthy of note are the citadel and the cathedral. Pop. 5300.

Girolamo da, a historical and portrait painter, was born at Ferrara in 1501, and was one of the most promising pupils in the school of Benvenuto Girofalo. On leav-

---

1 In the United States there were fifty of Mr Bigelow's power-looms at work upon tapestry carpeting in 1851. An inconsistent prejudice, however, exists there against indigenous produce, and if an article does not come from "Europe" it is in many cases a sufficient cause of condemnation. A similar prejudice prevails here in favour of foreign manufacture. ing Ferrara he spent several years at Parma and Modena, carefully copying the works of Correggio and Parmigiano; and on his return he executed some original paintings for the churches of Bologna and Ferrara, which so closely resembled the works of Correggio as to have been attributed to that artist. His finest paintings are, The descent of the Holy Spirit, in the church of St Francis at Rovigo; a Madonna, St Giorgio, St Maurilio, and St Girolamo, at Ferrara; the Adoration of the Magi, the Madonna, and St Catherine, at Bologna. He died in 1556.

Ugo da, an Italian painter who flourished about the year 1500. He is chiefly remarkable as having been supposed the inventor of that species of engraving on wood distinguished by the name of chiaroscuro, in imitation of drawing. Huber, Heinecken, and Breitkopf, however, have distinctly proved that the art of printing in chiaroscuro was known long before in Germany; and have produced existing works of Jan Ulric Pilgum and of Mair, who flourished before the time of Ugo. One of Mair's prints of this sort is dated 1499; the earliest of Da Carpi's is 1518. Printing in chiaroscuro is performed by using several blocks. Ugo da Carpi usually had three; the first for the outline and dark shadows, the second for the lighter shadows, and the third for the half tint. In this manner he struck off prints after several designs, and the cartoons of Raphael, particularly one of the Sibyl, a Descent from the Cross, and the History of Simon the Sorcerer. Carpi died about 1530. The art was brought to a high degree of perfection by Baldassare Peruzzi of Siena, and Parmigiano.