walled town of Western Germany, capital of the electorate of Hesse-Cassel and of the province of Lower Hesse, stands on the river Fulda, 124 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main, with which it has lately been connected by railway. N. Lat. 51° 19', E. Long. 9° 35'. Pop. (1846) 32,516. The town is pleasantly situated on both sides of the Fulda, which here is navigable. The old town and upper new town, with the Wilhelmshöhe and Frankfort suburbs, lie on its left or western side; and the lower new town, with the Leipzig suburb, on the east bank. The streets of the old town, which lies low, are narrow, crooked, and dirty; but the upper or French new town (so called from having been laid out by French refugees) is one of the handsomest towns of Germany. The Elector's palace, an edifice nowise remarkable, stands in the Friedrichsplatz, the largest square in any German town, being 1000 feet in length, and 450 in breadth. In its centre there is a marble statue of the Elector Frederick II., by whom the town was much improved and embellished. Its finest street is Königsstrasse, 5100 feet in length, and 60 in breadth. The handsomest building in Cassel is the museum, which contains a library of 90,000 volumes, with collections of natural history, antiquities, coins, physical and mathematical instruments, &c. St Martin's church, a Gothic edifice, contains the burial-vault of the electoral family. The other chief buildings are the town-hall; the Bellevue palace; the unfinished palace of the Cattenburgh, now overgrown with weeds; the observatory; picture-gallery, with portraits by Rembrandt, Vandyk, Rubens, and others; the arsenal, barracks, mint, opera-house, electoral stables, and riding-school; besides several churches, schools, and hospitals. Cassel has numerous literary and scientific institutions. The manufactures, which are on a small scale, are almost exclusively confined to the wants of the state. The principal of these are, cotton, silk, and woollen goods, leather, earthenware, jewellery, chemicals, tobacco, &c. &c. During the brief reign of Jerome Bonaparte, Cassel was the capital of the kingdom of Westphalia. From the Wilhelmshöhe gate an avenue of lime-trees 3 miles in length leads to the summer palace of the elector, situated in the midst of beautiful gardens, adorned with statues and water-works, which have acquired for it the name of the German Versailles.

town of France, department of Nord, stands on an isolated hill in the middle of an extensive plain, 28 miles N.W. of Lille. Though only 800 feet high, this hill, from the flatness of all the adjacent country, commands a most extensive view. Pop. 4000. Manufactures—lace, thread, hosiery, oil, soap, earthenware, &c.

Cassia bark, the bark of *Cinnamomum Cassia*, is one of our most common species, and is very generally sold in the shops under the name of common cinnamon. In European commerce this bark is known by the name of cassia lignea, and is imported into England from Singapore, Malabar, Mauritius, Bombay, Calcutta, Batavia, and Canton. The bark is imported into this country in bundles, which are from 18 to 24 inches in length, and weigh from 1½ to 3 lbs. The bundles consist of quills of bark from ¼ to 1 inch in diameter, generally single, rarely double. The bark is much thicker than that of true cinnamon, and the taste is more pungent and less sweet, though somewhat similar to that of cinnamon. The properties of cassia bark depend on the presence of a volatile oil—the oil of cassia, which is imported in a pretty pure state as an article of commerce from Singapore. The comparative cheapness of this agreeable aromatic causes it to be largely used instead of cinnamon. In the year ending 5th January 1852, there were imported into Britain 267,462 lbs. of cassia lignea; in 1853, 496,833 lbs.; and in 1854, 220,733 lbs. The oil of cassia is largely sold to the cook and confectioner under the name of oil of cinnamon.

Cassia buds come to us from Singapore, and are probably the flower-buds of the same tree which yields the cassia bark, though this is not precisely known. They possess the same pungency of taste as the cassia bark, and may be substituted for it. The duties on cassia lignea from British possessions from 9th July 1842 have been 2½d. per lb, and on that from foreign countries 3½d. per lb. Cassia buds pay no duty.

Cassianus, otherwise called Joannes Eremita, and Joannes Massiliensis, a celebrated solitary, and one of the first founders of monastic institutions in western Europe, was probably born about A.D. 360, and is supposed to have died about the year 448. The place of his nativity has been much disputed; but he spent the early part of his life in the monastery of Bethlehem, with his friend Germanus. In company with that monk he visited Egypt, and dwelt for several years among the ascetics of the desert near the banks of the Nile. In 403 he repaired to Constantinople, where he received ordination as deacon from the hands of Chrysostom. Cassianus was afterwards at Rome; and proceeding thence to Marseilles, he there founded two religious societies—a convent for nuns, and the abbey of St Victor, which last is said to have numbered, during his time, 5000 inmates. He was eventually canonized; and a festival in honour of St John Cassian long continued to be celebrated at Marseilles on the 25th of July.

Cassianus left Collations, or conferences of the fathers of the desert; Institutions, in twelve books; and seven books upon the Incarnation. Of these works, which are all written in Latin, various editions have appeared. The most complete and best edition of his collected works is that published at Frankfort, 1722, folio, and reprinted at Leipzig, 1733, folio. Cassianus is reckoned among the first of the Semi-Pelagians; a sect that was condemned by some synods, and rejected by the church. (See De Joanne Cassiano Massiliensi, &c., Rostochii, 1824, 1825, 4to, by G. F. Wiggers.)

Cassimire, or Cashmere. See Cashmere.