a native of a city, or a person who enjoys all the privileges and immunities of the city in which he resides, and of the state of which he is a member. In ancient Greece and Rome these privileges were so numerous and important as to be watched over with the most jealous care by those who enjoyed them. Among the Romans the rights of citizens were either public or private. The former class was technically called the jus civitatis, the latter the jus Quiritium. The first of these the Roman citizen enjoyed in his political, the second in his private and personal capacity.

The public rights of the Romans were the following:—1, the jus census, the privilege of being enrolled in the censor's books; 2, the jus militiae, the right of serving in the army, in which originally none but citizens were allowed to enlist; 3, the jus tributariorum, or right of paying the public tributa in contradistinction to the vectigalia; 4, the jus suffragii, the right of voting in the public assemblies of the people; 5, the jus honorum, the right of bearing public offices in the state; and 6, the jus sacrorum, the right of participating in the solemnities with which the public worship of the gods was celebrated. The private rights of the Roman citizens were seven in number:—1, Jus liber- tatis, the right of liberty, in virtue of which the Roman citizen could appeal to the people against the severity of magistrates, the cruelty of creditors, and the insolence of more powerful citizens; 2, the jus gentilitatis et familiae, by which the privileges originally granted to a gens or family were secured to its later representatives; 3, the jus conubii, by which no Roman citizen was allowed to marry a slave, a barbarian, or a foreigner, unless by the express permission of the people; 4, the jus patriæ, which gave a Roman father the complete power of life and death over his children; 5, the jus domicilii legitimi, or the right of legal property; 6, the jus testamenti et hereditatis, the right of making a will and succeeding to an inheritance; and 7, the jus tutelæ, the right of tutelage and wardship. Such were the rights of the Roman citizen in his political and social relations. As a nation the Romans were originally divided into ciœres and peregrini. Under the title of peregrini were included, until the time of Caracalla, the inhabitants of nearly all the Roman provinces; the citizens of foreign states on friendly terms with Rome; Romans who had lost their civitas; and freed men. Subsequently, a third class was introduced, the Latini, who enjoyed a modified civitas, and had the right of trade without that of marriage. Caracalla extended the civitas to every town and village that owned the dominion of Rome; but his generosity was confined to communities, and did not extend to individuals. When Justinian reformed the Roman code, he abolished altogether the gradation of classes. After his time there was no other division than that into subjects of the emperor and slaves.