Jean (1619-1687), an eminent French Protestant divine, was born at Sauvetat near Agen, where his father was a Protestant minister. He held for eight years the office of professor of theology in the Protestant college of Nismes; and after he was compelled to abandon his chair, he still maintained his ground on the field of controversy by his able replies to Bossuet, Arnauld, Nicole, and others. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he fled to Holland, where he was pensioned by the Prince of Orange. He continued to preach occasionally at the Hague till his death. His principal works are the Réponse au Traité de la perpetuité de la Foi sur l'Eucharistie, 2 vols. 8vo; Défense de la Réformation, ou Réponse aux Prêjugés légitimes de Nicole; and Plaintes des Protestans cruellement opprimés dans le Royaume de France.

CLAUDE LORRAINE, or Claude Gelée (1600-1682), the celebrated landscape painter, was born at the village of Chamagne in Lorraine. When it was discovered that he made no progress at school, he was apprenticed to a pastrycook. He afterwards rambled to Rome to seek a livelihood; but from his clownishness and ignorance of the language, he failed to obtain permanent employment. Chance threw him at last in the way of Augustin Tassi, a painter, who hired him to grind his colours, and to do all the household drudgery. His master hoping to make him serviceable in some of his greatest works, taught him by degrees the rules of perspective and the elements of design. Under his tuition the mind of Claude began to expand, and he devoted himself to artistic study with great eagerness. He exerted his utmost industry to explore the true principles of painting by an incessant examination of nature; and for this purpose he made his studies in the open fields, where he very frequently remained from sunrise till sunset, watching the effect of the shifting light upon the landscape. He generally sketched whatever he thought beautiful or striking, marking every curious tinge of light with a similar colour; and from these sketches he perfected his landscapes so as to make them true to nature to a degree which has never been surpassed.

Claude was not only acquainted historically with the facts, but also scientifically with the laws of nature; and Sandrart relates that he used to explain to him, as they walked through the fields, the causes of the different appearances of the same landscape at different hours of the day, from the reflections or refractions of light, or from the morning and evening dews or vapours, with all the precision of a philosopher. He elaborated his pictures with great care; and if any performance fell short of his ideas, he altered, erased, and repainted it several times over, till it corresponded with the image pictured in his mind.

His skies are aerial and full of lustre, and every object harmoniously illumined. His distances are admirable, his invention delightful, his colouring delicate, and his tints have an unimitable sweetness and variety. He frequently gave an uncommon tenderness to his finished trees by glazing; and in his large compositions, which he painted in fresco, he was so exact, that the distinct species of every tree might readily be distinguished. His figures, however, are very indifferent; but he was so conscious of his deficiency in this respect, that he usually engaged other artists to paint them for him, among whom were Curtois and Filippo Lauri. In order to avoid a repetition of the same subject, and also to detect spurious copies of his works, he made a tinted outline drawing (in paper-books prepared for this purpose) of the designs of all those pictures which were transmitted to different countries; and on the back of the drawings he wrote the name of the person who had been the purchaser. These books he named Libri di Verità. This valuable work has been engraved and published, and is one of the greatest boons ever conferred upon the students of the art of landscape. Claude died at Rome at the age of eighty-two. Many noble specimens of his genius may be seen in the National Gallery, and in the Louvre at Paris.

St., a town of France, capital of a cognominal arrondissement, department of Jura, at the confluence of the Bienne and Isson, 28 miles S.E. of Lons-le-Saunier. Pop. (1851) 5835. It has considerable manufactures of articles in wood, horn, and ivory; and of toys, jewellery, hardware, &c.