a famous Athenian magistrate, who is said to have instituted ostracism (Elian, V.H. iii. 24). He flourished B.C. 510. See ATTICA.

CLEMENTS Romanus, bishop of Rome at the end of the first century, and supposed to be the same with the Clement mentioned in Philip. iv. 3. Of his personal history nothing is known. To him are ascribed two epistles, and a work called the Recognitions; but the epistles, if genuine, are interpolated, and the Recognitions are generally regarded as spurious. The Clementines, a series of Judaizing homilies, are supposed by Neander to be the work of an Ebionite.

CLEMENS Titus Flavius, surnamed Alexandrinus because he lived at Alexandria, was born at Athens. His early life was spent partly in the study of philosophy and partly in travelling. Though previously acquainted with the Christian system, he does not seem to have embraced Christianity till he entered the school of Pantenus, to whom he afterwards became assistant. During the reign of Severos he fled to Palestine; and after residing for a short time at Jerusalem and Antioch, it is probable that he returned to Alexandria, where he died about A.D. 220. In his philosophy Clement was an eclectic, and in his interpretation of Scripture he shows much of that fanciful exegesis which received its fuller development in his pupil Origen. Of his works a considerable number still remain. They are principally written with the intent of elevating the Greeks from the condition of heathens to that of perfect Gnostics. In the fifth book of the Stromata there is much valuable information on the subject of Egyptian hieroglyphics. The best edition of Clement's works is that of Potter, Oxf. 1715, 2 vols. fol.

CLEMENT V., Pope, a Frenchman, and Archbishop of Bordeaux, succeeded Benedict XI. in 1305. He transplanted the holy see to Avignon in France, greatly contributed to the suppression of the Templars, and was author of a compilation of the decrees of the general councils of Vienne, styled Clementines. He died in 1314.

CLEMENT VII., Giulio de Medici, Pope, memorable for his refusal to divorce Catharine of Aragon from Henry VIII.; and for the bull he published upon the king's marriage with Anne Boleyn, which sealed the schism between Rome and England. During his pontificate Rome was stormed and pillaged by the armies of Charles V. Clement died in 1534, and is justly regarded as infamous for his avarice and deceit.

CLEMENT XI., Gian Francesco Albani, was elected pope A.D. 1700. He was engaged in hostilities with the Emperor Joseph I., but was defeated and obliged to sue for peace. He was, however, no less tenacious of his temporal prerogatives than of his spiritual power, which he maintained in his bull Vincam Domini against the Jansenists, and again in the famous bull Unigenitus issued in condemnation of Quesnel's Reflections on the New Testament. The latter of these was ultimately recognised by the French king, but tended for a long time to alienate the French from their obedience to the Roman see. Clement espoused the cause of the Pretender, thinking him a fit instrument for regaining England to Catholicism. He also succoured the Venetians against the Turks, who had invaded Corfu, but were compelled to raise the siege. Clement was at once a generous and amiable man, and devoted a large share of his revenue to the embellishment of Rome, and the patronage of literature and art. He died in 1721.

Clement XIV., Gian Vincenzo Ganganelli, was born at St Angelo, October 1705, and chosen pope, before he had attained a bishopric, in 1769, when the see of Rome was involved in a violent contest with the foreign powers. His reign was distracted by the contests which then raged in regard to the abolition of the Jesuit order; and Ganganelli has rendered himself famous by issuing a bull for their suppression. His latter days were embittered by apprehensions of poison, which made him frequently regret the loss of that tranquillity which he enjoyed when only a simple Franciscan. He died in 1774, and his death, which was immediately attributed to poison, gave rise to the circulation of the most extravagant reports, which seem to have been countenanced by the foreign powers for the sake of inflaming popular odium against the Jesuits. It was confidently reported that at the post mortem examination the head fell off from the body, and that the stench poisoned and killed the operators. The operators, however, showed themselves alive and in good health, and the surgeons and physicians testified to the falsehood of the report. Clement XIV. appears to have been a man of virtuous character, and possessed of considerable abilities. His enlightenment and liberality, however, were little suited to the taste of the age in which he lived. The collection of letters published under his name is not devoid of interest; but it is well known that they were written by Caracioli, who, however, persisted till his death in asserting that he was only their translator.