genus to which the herring belongs. See Ichthyology.

Clusium, now Chiusi, a city of Etruria, and one of twelve that composed the Etruscan confederation. It was situated on the slope of a hill on the right bank of the river Clanis, and at a short distance from the Palus Clusina, about 100 miles from Rome, in a district still celebrated for its fertility. It was regarded by the ancients themselves as a place of great antiquity, and was by them believed to have been built by the Umbrians. Its original name was Camars or Camers, which it exchanged for that of Clusium when it fell into the hands of the Tuscans. In allusion to its antiquity, Virgil mentions it among the cities which sided with Æneas against Turnus. Clusium first appears in history as a place of importance under the reign of its king Porsena, whose abilities and magnanimity were acknowledged by the Romans themselves. The noble qualities of this prince were the theme of many an ancient song and legend; and his expedition against Rome has furnished Mr Macaulay with the subject of one of his most spirited lays.

As Clusium rose under Porsena, so after his death it relapsed into its original obscurity, and its name does not occur again in history till the invasion of the Galli Senones, B.C. 391. These barbarians, being foiled in their first attempts to take the town, suddenly broke up their camp before the walls and marched off to Rome, which they destroyed and burned to the ground, except the capitol. In B.C. 295 they once more suddenly crossed the Apennines, and, rushing down upon Clusium, cut to pieces the Roman legion posted there. In what year Clusium acknowledged the supremacy of Rome is unknown; but it is found in the second Punic war taking part with the Romans against Hannibal. In the wars of Marius and Sulla, the Clusians espoused the cause of the former, and were twice defeated. Under the empire, Clusium is found greatly fallen from its high estate, and existing as a small municipal town. In the numerous excavations that have been recently effected in the neighbourhood of Chiusi, large numbers of Etruscan vases, urns, &c., have been discovered. One of the most interesting objects in the vicinity of the ancient Clusium was the famous labyrinthine tomb of Porsena. It is supposed by some authorities that the Poggio Calella (24 miles from Chiusi), which has been recently excavated and discovered to have been an ancient cemetery, is no other than this renowned sepulchre of which so many traditions are still extant. This subject will be found fully discussed in Dennis's *Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria*. The present population of Chiusi is about 1700.