PHILIP (1580-1623).** A celebrated geographer, was born at Danzig, and was educated for the bar. During a visit to Leyden he was induced by Joseph Scaliger to devote himself to the study of geography; and for this purpose he visited the majority of the European states. He gained considerable reputation as a linguist, and taught at Leyden for several years with great applause. He wrote, 1. *De tribus Rheni alveis atque ostis, et de quinque populis quondam accolos*, inserted in the *Recueil des Antiquités de la Germanie Inférieure*, Leyden, 1611, 4to; 2. *Germaniae Antiquae libri tres, necnon Vindelicia et Noricum*, Leyden, 1616, 2 vols. fol.; 3. *Sicilia Antiquae libri duo, Sardinia ac Corsica Antiquae*, Leyden, 1619, fol.; 4. *Italia Antiqua*, Leyden, 1624, two vols. in one, fol.; 5. *Introductionis in Universam Geographiam tam veterem quam novam, libri sex*, Leyden, 1629, 12mo. The best edition of this last work is that of Amsterdam, 1729, in quarto, with notes by Bunon, Hekel, and De la Martinière.

**CLUYD.** See DUNBRIGHSHIRE.

**CLYDE,** the most important river of Scotland, and the third in point of magnitude, celebrated for the romantic beauty of its scenery. It has its origin from numerous small streams rising in the mountains which separate Lanarkshire from the counties of Peebles and Dumfries, and flows first in a northerly direction, with a slight inclination eastward as far as Biggar. After its junction with the Douglas near Harthfield, it takes a N.W. course, passing Lanark, Hamilton, and Glasgow, and falls into the Firth of Clyde below Dumbarton. From its source to Dumbarton it is about 73 miles in length, but in a direct line only about 52. Its principal tributaries are the Douglas, Nethan, Avon, Mouse, Kelvin, Cart, and Leven. Of the celebrated falls of Clyde, two are above and two below Lanark: the uppermost is Bonnington Linn, the height of which is about 30 feet; the second is Corra Linn, where the water dashes over the rock in three distinct leaps. Dundaff Fall is 10 feet high; and at Stonebyres there are three distinct falls, together measuring 76 feet in height. At high water the Clyde is navigable for the largest class of merchant vessels. See GLASGOW.

**GLYTEMNESTRA.** See AGAMEMNON.

**CNIDUS,** in *Ancient Geography*, a city of Caria, at the extremity of a long peninsula forming the southern boundary of the Ceramicus Sinus. It was built partly on the mainland and partly on an island about 7 stadia in circuit, and connected with the mainland by a causeway forming two harbours. It was celebrated for the worship of Venus. A narrow sandy isthmus now unites the island to the mainland. The remains of two moles which inclosed the southern or larger port are still visible. The ruins of this city are still considerable, exhibiting specimens of different kinds of Greek architecture, both Doric and Ionic. The city walls are still very perfect, and there are remains of two theatres, one of which had a diameter of 400 feet.

**CNOSSUS** or Gnosuss, or (as the name was originally written) Cnossus or Gnostus, the most important city of Crete, on the left bank of the Cearatus, a small stream which falls into the sea on the north side of the island. The city was situated at a considerable distance from the coast, and, according to the old traditions, was founded by Minos, the mythical king of Crete. The locality was associated with a number of the most interesting legends of the Grecian mythology, particularly those which related to Jupiter. It was in the vicinity of Cnossus that the most powerful of the gods is said to have been born, to have been married, and to have been buried. Cnossus is always assigned as the *locale* of the fabled labyrinth in which the Minotaur was confined. As it was originally peopled by Dorians, the manners, customs, and political institutions of its inhabitants were all Dorian in their caste. Along with Gortyna and Cidonia, it held for many years the supremacy over the whole of Crete, and always took a prominent part in the civil wars which from time to time desolated the island. When the Romans began to extend their arms southwards, Cnossus fell under their domination, and became a Roman colony. Ænesidemus, the sceptic philo-