the name of a well-known league entered into by several German princes in 1805, by which they separated themselves from the em- pire, and formed a new political association, under the protection of France. This league was an immediate consequence of the reverses of Austria in the campaign of 1805, and was the first great and avowed measure of Buonaparte to assume the control of the German empire. After remaining in force somewhat more than seven years, it fell, along with its prime mover; but is still deserving of historical notice for its effects, both in giving for a time a co-operating power to France, and in serving as an introduction to subsequent changes in the organization of the Germanic body.

The treaty in question was signed at Paris on 12th July 1806, and ratified at Munich on the 25th of the same month. It consisted of forty articles, and was subscribed by the following powers:

| Contingents | |-------------| | The Emperor of France, who engaged to furnish a contingent of | 200,000 men | | The King of Bavaria | 30,000 | | The King of Würtemberg | 12,000 | | The Prince Primate | | | The Grand Duke of Baden | 8,000 | | The Grand Duke of Berg | 5,000 | | The Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt | 4,000 | | The Duke of Nassau | | | The Duke of Arenberg | | | The Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | | | The Prince of Hohenzollern Hechingen | | | The Prince of Hohenzollern Siegmaringen | 4,000 collectively | | The Prince of Lichtenstein | | | The Prince of Salm-Salm | | | The Prince of Salm-Kyrburg | | | The Prince of Isenburg-Birstein | | | The Prince of Leven | |

Most of the subscribing princes assumed, on this occasion, titles different from those which they had borne when members of the empire. It was stipulated that they should renounce most of the laws and all the peculiar titles of the empire; that their common interests should be discussed in a diet to be assembled at Frankfort on the Maine, and to be divided into the colleges of kings and princes, with the Prince Primate as president of the former, and the Duke of Nassau of the latter; that the members of the confederation should be unconnected with any power except France, between which and the confederation an intimate compact was formed, and the emperor of which was declared hereditary protector of the alliance, with the right of nominating the future prince primate. It was further stipulated, that the confederated princes should exercise the rights of sovereignty over the territories newly incorporated by this act with their dominions, leaving private property, however, undisturbed; and that, in the event of any neighbouring power making preparations for war, the contracting parties should arm to the extent of the above-mentioned contingents. Finally, it was provided that other German princes and states should be allowed to accede to the confederation; and the league was accordingly strengthened by the Grand Duke of Würzburg (on 3rd October 1806), with a contingent of 2000 men; by the king of Saxony (on 11th December 1806) with 20,000 men; by the king of Westphalia (in 1807), with 25,000; and in the course of that and the following years, by the Saxon princes, the Dukes of Mecklenburg, and, in short, by all the lesser princes of the west and north of Germany.

Immediately after the communication of the treaty of confederation to the German diet in August 1806, the Emperor Francis made a formal abdication of the title of Emperor of Germany; the ancient constitution of which, long in a state of decline, now became completely dissolved. Buonaparte had soon occasion to put his new auxiliaries to the test—the war with Prussia breaking out in the course of a couple of months after the formation of the alliance. The victory of Jena, and its unparalleled results, rivetted the yoke around the necks of his new vassals, and supplied him with recruits to go through the short but sanguinary campaign of 1807 in Poland. Unfortunately, the confederation afforded him a numerous and efficient body of auxiliaries at a very interesting period, we mean in April 1809, when Austria, encouraged by the resistance of Spain, ventured, alone and unassisted, to take the field in the assertion of her independence. But the battle of Wagram put an end to her hopes, and rendered Buonaparte the uncontrolled arbiter of Germany; a station which, in all probability, he would have continued to hold for life, had he not wasted, in the deserts of Russia, the finest army that Europe ever saw. This loss was most acutely felt by the states of the confederation, particularly by Bavaria, its first and principal member.

It was in the beginning of December 1812 that the great mortality took place among the Bavarians, after they were brought up from Wilna, in the vain hope of affording protection to the wreck of the French as they fled across the Berezina. The general melancholy occasioned by the death of so many of their brave countrymen, and a conviction of the insatiable ambition of Buonaparte, raised among the states of the confederation a spirit of national independence, and paved the way to that alliance which it was soon in the power of Austria and Prussia to offer to their German neighbours. Hence the easy entry of the allies into Saxony in April 1813, and the memorable defection of the Saxons in the battle of Leipzig on the 18th of October; and hence, also, the conclusion of a treaty between Austria and Bavaria in the month last mentioned, the eager march of the Bavarians to Hanau to intercept the retreating French, and the obstinate though unavailing conflict which took place in the neighbourhood of that city.

The Confederation of the Rhine, already virtually dissolved, became finally annulled in 1814, and was replaced at the Congress of Vienna by an association on a larger scale under the name of the Germanic Confederation. Of this new and comprehensive body a more particular account will be found under the head GERMANY. (J. L.—E.)

CONFERVÉ, a division of algae or water plants, containing many species which agree in having jointed tubular stems, and living chiefly in fresh water.

CONFESSION, among divines, the verbal acknowledgment which a Christian makes of his sins.

Among the Jews it was the custom, on the annual feast of expiation, for the high priest to make confession of sins to God in the name of the whole people. And besides this general confession, the Jews were enjoined, if their sins were a breach of the first table of the law, to make confession of them to God; but violations of the second table were also to be acknowledged to their brethren. The practice of auricular confession, now elevated to the dignity of a sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church, seems to have originated in the ninth century, but did not become obligatory till the thirteenth. Confession once a-year to a priest was first enjoined by Innocent III.; and the priest is bound not to reveal it, under pain of the highest punishment.

Confession of Faith, a formulary detailing the articles of faith held by any church. The most ancient of these are the Apostles', the Nicene, and Athanasian creeds (which see under their respective heads). As standards of the Romish Church may be reckoned the decrees and catechism of the Council of Trent, the creed of Pius IV., (promulgated 1564), and subordinately Bossuet's Exposition of the Catholic Faith. The recognised creed of the Greek Church is that drawn up by Mogila, metropolitan of Kiow, in 1642. In the Church of England, all candidates for ordination subscribe the 39 articles, and the 3 articles of the 36th canon relating to the supremacy of the king. The Book of Com- Common Prayer and the Homilies are also recognised expositions of the doctrines of this church. The confession of the Westminster Assembly, drawn up in 1643, was in 1690 ratified by act of parliament as the doctrinal standard of the Church of Scotland.