enry Hoppe, an apothecary of Ratisbon, was the author of Enumeratio Insectorum elytratorum indigenorum, with coloured plates, Erlangen, 1795,—a work with which we are not acquainted, but which is said to be a useful auxiliary in the study of the genus Donacia. He also published Insecta Coleoptera, quae in itineribus suis propterim Alpinis collocerunt. Nov. Act. Nat. Car. xii. p. 479. The latter work is in conjunction with Dr Hornschuch.

John Abbot. The Natural History of the rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, collected from the Drawings and Observations of Mr John Abbot. 2 vols. fol., Lond., 1797. This work was brought out by Sir James Edward Smith, the great Linnaean botanist. The plates are by Moses Harris, and are characterized by Mr Swainson as the last and best of that artist's performance.

Leonard de Prunner is the author of Lepidoptera Pedemontana. 1 vol. 8vo, Turin, 1798.

Antoine Jean Coquebert, a naturalist established at Rheims, besides various notices in the Bulletin des Sciences, is known as the author of Illustratio iconographica Insectorum quae in Museis Parisinis observavit, J. Chr. Fabricius. 3 decad. in 4to, Paris, 1799—1804.

Christian Creutzer published Entomological Essays, in German (Entomologische versuche), 8vo, with coloured figures, Vienna, 1799.

Pierre-André Latreille, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, &c., was born at Brives in 1762, and died in 1833. The importance attached to the numerous productions of this "Prince of Entomologists," as he is called by Comte Dejean, inclines us to present the reader with a short historical sketch of the principles and progressive improvement of his system, in combination with our chronological notice of his various volumes.

Latreille's first work was published at Brives in 1796, under the title of *Precis des caractères génériques des Insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel*, 1 vol. 8vo. He there divides the insects of Linnaeus into fourteen classes, of which the first seven comprehend such as are winged, and are ranged in the following orders: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. The other seven classes are apterous, or without wings, and are named and characterized as follows:

1st. Les Suceurs, *Suctoria* (Rhyngota of Fabricius),—head distinct, antenniferous, trunk articulated, inclosing a sucker of two bristles; two scales at the base; six feet: 2nd. Les Thysanoures, *Thysanoura* (Synstata of Fab.),—head distinct, antenniferous; mouth furnished with mandibles, a pair of maxillae, an upper and an under lip, and antennule (palpi); six feet;—here are ranged Lepisma, Forbicula, and Podura: 3rd. Les Parasites, *Parasitida* (Antliata, Fab.),—head distinct, antenniferous; a very short tube inclosing a sucker; in some a slight appearance of mandibles or maxillae; six feet:—Ricinus and Pediculus: 4th. Les Acéphales, *Acéphala* (Unogata et Antliata of Fab.),—organs of the mouth appearing to replace the head; no antennæ; from six to eight feet (this is the class since distinguished by the name of Arachnides, and already discussed under that title in this Encyclopaedia): 5th. Les Entomostacées, *Entomostacea* of Müller (Synstata et Agonata, Fab.),—head confounded with the body, which is inclined under a covering of one or two pieces; antennæ frequently branched, mandibles without antennules; two ranges at most of maxillary leaflets; no under lip; generally from six to eight feet:—Monoculhus, Cypris, Cytheræa, Daphnia, Argulus, Limulus, &c.: 6th. Les Crustacées, *Crustacea* (Agonata, Fab.),—head confounded with the body, which is usually inclosed beneath a carapace; four antennæ; many ranges of maxillary leaflets, of which two are inserted and couched upon the mandibles; no lips; generally ten feet: 7th. Les Myriapodes, *Myriapoda* (Synstata, Mitotasa, Unogata, Fab.),—head distinct from the body, antenniferous; mandibles with a conical advancement at their base; scaly teeth implanted on the contour of the extremity; two rows of maxillae at most; an under lip; fourteen feet, or more:—Asellus, Cyamus, Oniscus, Julus, Scolopendra.

Latreille's next publication was the *Histoire générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes*, 14 vols. 8vo, with figures, 1802–5. It forms a portion of the edition of Buffon's works published by Sonnini. His *Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum*, 4 vols. 8vo, was published in 1806–7, and contains a further, and certainly very skilful development of what he regarded as a natural system. In 1810 appeared his *Considerations générales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides, et des Insectes, avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres distribués en familles*, 1 vol. in 8vo. It may be regarded as a review of his last-mentioned work, of the material parts of which it proposes few alterations,—but the groups are fewer in number, and are sometimes founded on more rigorous characters. We shall here give a brief abstract of his classification at this time. The Linnaean class Insecta is divided into three distinct classes—Crustacea, Arachnides, and Insects properly so called. It is of course with the latter only that we are now concerned. He divides them into eight orders—Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Suctoria.

1st. The Coleoptera are divided into five sections: 1. *Pentamera*, including nineteen families, viz. Cicindelata, Carabici, Hydrocanthari, Gyrinidae, Sternoxi, Malacodermi, Clerii, Necrophagi, Staphylini, Palpatores, Ptiniores, Dermestini, Byrrhi, Hydrophilii, Sphaeridiidae, Coprophagi, Geotrupini, Scarabeidei, and Lucanidae: 2. *Heteromera*, including six families, viz. Pimeliariae, Tenebrionites, Pyrochroides, Mordellone, Cantharidiae, and Edemiterae: 3. *Tetramera*, including ten families, viz. Bruchelae, Curculionites, Bostrichini, Paussili, Xylophagi, Cucujupes, Cerambycini, Criocerides, Chrysomelinæ, and Erotylenæ: 4. *Triëmera*, including the family of Coccinelidae: 5. *Dimera*, including that of the Pselaphi.

2d. The order Orthoptera contains six families, viz. Forticornia, Blattariae, Mantides, Gryllides, Locustariae, and Acridiæ.

3d. The order Hemiptera is composed of two sections: 1. *Heteroptera*, containing the three families, Corissae, Cicimicidæ, and Hydrocorisae: 2. *Homoptera*, containing the four families of Cicadariae, Paillidae, Aphidiæ, and Gallinsecta.

4th. The order Neuroptera is likewise bisected: 1. *Subulicornes*, consisting of two families, Libellulinae, Ephemerinae: 2. *Filicornes*, consisting of nine families, Panorpatae, Myrmeleontidae, Hemerobiini, Megaloptera, Raphidinae, Termitinae, Psocillidae, Perlariae, and Phryganitae.

5th. The order Hymenoptera also forms two sections: 1. *Terebrantia*, including eight families, viz. Tenthrideriae, Urocerae, Evaniales, Ichneumonides, Diplolepariae, Cyniperae, Proctotrupiæ, and Chrysididae: 2. *Aculeata*, including thirteen families, viz. Formicariae, Mutillariae, Scolecidae, Sapygidae, Pompilli, Sphegidae, Bembecidae, Larrae, Crabronites, Vespiariae, Masarides, Andrenetæ, and Apariae.

6th. The order Lepidoptera is divided into three sections: 1. *Diurna*, composed of two families, Papilionidae and Hesperidae: 2. *Crepundaria*, also composed of two families, Sphingidae and Zygaenidae: 3. *Nocturna*, composed of eight families, Bombycites, Noctuo-bombycites, Teneites, Noctuelites, Phalenites, Pyralites, Crambites, and Pterophorites.

7th. The order Diptera comprises three sections: 1. *Proboseidea*, consisting of fourteen families, Tipulariae, Stationomydae, Tahani, Rhagionides, Dolichopodidae, Mydasii, Asilici, Empidæ, Anthraci, Bombyliariæ, Inflata, Syrphini, Conopsariae, Muscidae: 2. *Eprobosidea*, containing the family Coriacæ: 3. *Pithiromyie*, including merely the genus Nycteriba.

8th. The order Suctoria is formed entirely by the genus Pulex.

In the year 1817 the *Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation*, &c., was published by Baron Cuvier, in 4 vols. 8vo. Of that signal work the entomological portion, forming volume third, was contributed by M. Latreille. In addition to the preceding works, he had also at different times contributed a great proportion of the articles on entomology in the first and second editions of the *Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle*. One of his earlier works is entitled *Essais sur l'Histoire des Fourmis de la France*, Brives, 1798. He was likewise the author of many papers in the *Annales du Muséum*, the *Encyclopédie Méthodique*, and in the *Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle*, as well as of a separate volume of papers (chiefly, however, extracted from his previous labours in the *Ann. du Mus.*), entitled *Mémoires sur divers sujets de l'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes*, &c., &c., 8vo, 1819. In 1825 he published his *Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal*, which contains a compendious summary of zoological classification, and an arrangement of the insect tribes. In 1829 he gave to the world his completed views on entomological arrangement in the third and fourth volumes of the second edition of the Regne Animal of Cuvier. As it is by this final exposition that we are chiefly guided in the systematic portion of the ensuing treatise, we need not here enter into further details. Before proceeding, however, with our catalogue of authors, we may remark that an excellent, and, we believe, novel feature in the system of Latreille consists in the bestowal of family names upon the groups of genera. The modern families correspond in numerous instances to the old and undivided genera of Linnaeus; and when, in the progress of improvement, and the great increase in the number and nature of species, it became necessary to subdivide these genera into others of a less comprehensive character, the retention of the old generic name with a different termination, and its application as a comprehensive term to all the cognate genera, was an ingenious and useful device.

The practice, indeed, was previously well known in other departments of natural history, but it does not appear to have been properly applied to entomology prior to the example of Latreille. There is a want of uniformity, however, in the nomenclature of his families, so that, unless his work is kept in hand, we cannot ascertain from the name of a group whether it signifies an actual family, or some other sectional division. To remedy this defect, Mr Macleay, in his Hora Entomologica, follows the suggestion of Mr Kirby, and designates his family groups by the patronymic termination in idae, which, though not classically correct when the primitive has a feminine termination, is preferable to any other plan, both for uniformity's sake, and euphonia gratia. The latest works by M. Latreille with which we are acquainted are his Cours d'Entomologie, an uncompleted publication, in one volume 8vo, 1831, and his Discours a La Société Entomologique de France, 8vo, Paris, 1832.

George Wolfgang Francis Panzer of Nuremberg, born in 1755, is the author of several excellent works on Entomology, of which the earliest is the most important. It is called Deutschlands Insekten, or Fauna Insectorum Germaniae initia, and has continued to be published at intervals between the years 1793 and 1841. It is composed of numerous cahiers, or small collections of unstiched leaves, each of which corresponds to a coloured plate of an insect, of which it bears the description. According to this plan, the figures and letter-press may be arranged according to any system preferred by the possessor of the work. Each fasciculus contains the figures and descriptions of twenty-four species of insects; and as the fasciculi (continued since the 110th, by G. A. W. Herrich-Schäffer) now amount to 190, the total number represented and described is great. It is consequently one of the most extensive collections which we possess in this branch of science; and as the plates are extremely correct, and the synonyms carefully selected, it may be regarded as a publication of the highest value of its kind. "The figures are drawn and etched by the famous Sturm, the best entomological artist on the Continent, and are simply but accurately coloured,—while the descriptions, although frequently too short, are written by the hand of a master." (Swainson.) Panzer has published several other works on insects.—Nova Insectorum species, &c., Norimb., 1790.—Fauna Insectorum Americæ borealis Prodromus, 4to, Norimb., 1794.—Kritische Revision der Insectenfauna Deutschlands. 8vo, Norimb., 1806—Index Entomologischen versuch über die Jurinischen Gattungen der Linneischen Hymenoptern. 1 vol. in 12mo, 1806.—Index Entomologicus, pars prima, Eleutherius, same form, 1813. This author has confined himself to the description of the external aspect of insects, and does not appear to have devoted himself at any time to the observance of manners, or the examination of internal structure. Non omnia possumus omnes.

Augustus William Knock, a professor at Brunswick, formed a collection of insects, which now composes a portion of the Royal Museum of Berlin. He is author of Neue beyträge zur Insectenkunde. 1 vol. in 8vo, with figures, Leipzig, 1801.

James Henry Laspeyres, a municipal officer of Berlin, composed a work entitled Serie Europæ icomitus et descriptionibus illustratae. 1 vol. 4to, 1901. He is likewise the author of Critical Observations on the Systematic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the environs of Vienna, inserted in Illiger's Magazin.

Jacques Sturm was an entomological artist of repute, and an excellent observer of insects. We owe to him the following works:—Insecten-kabinett, 12mo, Nürnberg, 1791—92.—Verzeichniss meiner Insecten-Sammlung, oder Entomologisches Handbuch für Liebhaber u. Sammler, 8vo, fig. Nürnberg, 1800.—Abbildungen zu Illiger's Uebersetzung, von Olivier's Entomologie, oder Naturgeschichte der Insecten. 2 vols. 4to, Nürnberg, 1802—3.—Entomologische Heftchen, enthaltend Beiträge zur weiteren Kenntnis und Aufklärung der Insekten geschichte. 2 vols. 8vo, fig. Frankfort, 1805.—Catalog meiner Insecten Sammlung. I. Th. Käfer, 8vo, fig. col. Nürnberg, 1825.—Anophthalmus (Blindlangkiefcr) neue Gattung aus der Familie du Carabon. 8vo, Nürnberg, 1844.

Clairville, an Englishman, as we understand, by birth, but an inhabitant of Switzerland, published a work in French and German, called Entomologie Helvetique, 2 vols. 8vo, with excellent figures. Indeed Schellenberg the engraver was his colleague in the undertaking. Both volumes were printed at Zurich, the first in 1798, the second in 1806. The chief defect of this work consists in the entire and unnecessary change in the nomenclature of his predecessors, affected by the author, as will be seen by the following analytical table of his systematic arrangement. We add the ordinary names of the orders, which he is pleased to regard in the light of sectional divisions.

| Sections | |----------| | 1. Elytroptera: crustaceous wings. (Coleoptera.) | | 2. Deratoptera: coriaceous wings. (Orthoptera.) | | 3. Dictyoptera: reticulated wings. (Neuroptera.) | | 4. Phlebotera: veined wings. (Hymenoptera.) | | 5. Halteroptera: wings with poisers. (Diptera.) | | 6. Lepidoptera: scaly wings. (Lepidoptera.) | | 7. Hemimeroptera: mixed wings. (Hemiptera.) | | 8. Rophoidea: suckers. | | 9. Pododroma: runners. |

Svo, Zurich, 1802. Conjointly with C. G. Jabonsky, Herbst has published Naturystem in-und Ausländischer Insekten, in 21 vols. Svo. Schmetterlinge, 11 vols. Berl., 1783—1804. Käfer, 10 vols. Ibid., 1785—1806.

Joh. Casp. Füssli was the author of Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 2 vols. Svo, Zurich, 1758—9.—Neues Magazin für die Liebhaber, &c. 3 vols. Svo, Ibid., 1782—87. Archiv der Insectengeschichte. 4to, Ibid., 1781—86. There is a French translation with the same plates. Winter- William Lewin, F.L.S., contributed to Entomology The Insects of Great Britain, vol. 4to, London, 1795. It contains the Papilionidae only.

Frederick Weber, a German naturalist, and professor at Kiel, wrote Observations Entomologicae, vol. 8vo, Kiel, 1801.

J. C. G. Illiger, professor at Berlin, an excellent naturalist, who died in early life. He terminated the catalogue of Prussian insects commenced by Theophilus Kugelmann under the title of Verzeichniss der Käfer Preussens, vol. 8vo, 1798. Between 1801 and 1807 he published the Magazin für Insektenkunde, 7 vols. 8vo; and during that first-mentioned year his Systematisches Verzeichniss von den Schmetterlingen der Wiener Gegend, in two vols. 8vo, likewise made its appearance. It is a revised edition of the systematic catalogue of the environs of Vienna. Illiger continued the edition of the Fauna Etrusca of Rossi, commenced by Hellwig, in 8vo, Helmstadt, 1807.

John Frederick Wolfe, a German physician, has published four fasciculi of a work entitled Icones Cinicum descriptionibus illustratae, 4to, Erlangen, 1804.

Thomas Marsham, an English entomologist, is well known as the author of Entomologia Britannica, sistens Insecta Britanniae indigena secundum methodum Linnaeanum disposita, t. 1, Coleoptera, 8vo, Lond. 1802. It is a meritorious publication for the period, and has been serviceable to the science; but prodigious advances have been made in all the departments of British Entomology since the time of its appearance. Marsham also published a Monograph of the genus Notocera, in the 9th vol. of the Linn. Trans. These insects are peculiar to New Holland, and are now better known under the name of Paropsis, bestowed upon them by Olivier.

William Kirby, A.M., &c., author of Monographia Apum Anglicae, 2 vols. 8vo, Ipswich, 1802, and (jointly with Mr Spence) of Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1815-26. These admirable works are too well known to require our praise. The latter has been the chief means of producing whatever may exist of a general taste for Entomology in Britain.—Fauna Boreali Americana (Insects), 4to, fig. ed. Ipsw., 1837.—The genus Apion of Herbst's Naturystem considered, &c. Linn. Trans. vol. 9th, p. 1.—Strepsiptera, a new order of Insects proposed, and the characters of the order, with those of its genera, laid down. Vol. 11th, p. 86.—A Century of Insects, including several new genera, &c.—A description of several new species of Insects collected in New Holland. Ibid. vol. 12th, pp. 375-454. This venerable and truly "good old man," the father of modern Entomologists, died on the 4th of July 1830, aged ninety-one years. He had been the resident minister of Barham for sixty-eight years, and so we presume may have been regarded as the father of the Church of England. He was president of the Ipswich museum, an institution in which, from its commencement, he took a lively interest. Of late years he had been obliged to retire from active life, whether clerical or scientific.

William Spence, F.L.S., &c., Mr Kirby's able and accomplished coadjutor in the principal work above named, is also the author of various minor essays in entomology, of which we shall name merely his Monograph of the British species of the genus Choleva, Linn. Trans. vol. 11th, p. 123.

Adrian Hardy Haworth was the author of Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum, 4to, Holt, 1802.—Lepidoptera Britannica sistens digestionem, &c. 4 vols. 8vo, 1803-1827; and of several contributions to the Trans. Ent. Soc., &c.

J. R. Schellenberg, a painter and engraver of Zurich, is known to entomologists as professionally connected with two works, of which the text is anonymous. Cinicum in Helvetiae aqua et terris degens genus. 1 vol. 8vo, with figures, Turici, 1800.—Genres des Mouches diptères. 1 vol. 8vo, in French and German, with coloured plates, Zurich, 1803. He was likewise artistically employed on the Entomologie Helvetique, ou Catalogue des Insectes de la Suisse (of which the letterpress is by M. de Clairville). 2 vols. 8vo, Zurich, 1798-1806.

John William Lewin, an English painter, son of William Lewin already mentioned, published a Natural History of Lepidopterous Insects of New South Wales. 1 vol. 4to, with coloured plates, London, 1805.

Gaspard Dufeschmid has published descriptions of numerous families of Coleoptera in his Fauna Austriae, 2 vols. 1805-25.

A. A. H. Lichtenstein, a professor of oriental languages at Hamburg, published A Dissertation on Two Natural Genera hitherto confounded under the name of Mantis, in the 6th vol. of the Linn. Trans.

Palisot, Baron de Beauvois, of the Academy of Sciences, was born in 1755, and died in 1820. He is the author of a handsome work in folio, with coloured plates, entitled Insects recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique, &c. Paris, 1805 et seq.

Henry Smeathman has published a History of the Termites or White Ants, in the 71st volume of the Philosophical Transactions.

Christian Steven, director of the imperial botanic garden of Odessa, has published a Description de quelques Insectes de Caucase et de la Russie Meridionale, in the Mem. de la Soc. Imper. des Naturalistes de Moscou, t. ii.

— Baumhauer. Nouvelle Classification des Mouche à deux ailes. 8vo, Paris, 1800.

C. L. v. Muller. Entomologisches Taschenbuch für Schmetterlinges Sommer. 12mo, fig. Bresl. 1800.—Fauna Lepidopterorum Silesiacae, &c. Ibid. 1802.

J. Fr. Wolff. Icones Cinicum descriptionibus illustratae. 4to, Erlang. 1800-11.

J. C. L. Hellwig. Systematisches Verzeichniss von den Schmetterlingen der Weiner Gegend. Braunschweig, 1801.

A. Afzelius (and F. W. Brannius). Achatia Guineensis. 4to, fig. Upsal, 1804.

Michel Buniva. Intorno agli Insetti nocivi. 12mo, Torino, 1804.

G. F. Heitsch. Epitome Entomologiae systematice secundum Fabricium, &c. 4to, Leipzig, 1804.

C. Isen. Scenik Entomologie. 8vo, Linköping, 1806.

J. E. Arbenius. Monographia Cantharidum et Malachiorum Sueciae. Lund, 1807.

Fr. A. Bonelli. Observations Entomologiques. 2 parts, 4to, Turin, 1809-13.—Descrizione di sei nuove Specie d'Insetti Lepidotteri diurni della Sardegna. 4to, fig. Turin, 1824. We have other entomological papers by this author in the Mem. of the Turin Academy.

— Bayle Barelle. Saggio Intorno agli Insetti sociei ai vegetabili economici, &c., 8vo, Milano, 1809.—Degli Insetti nocivi all' Uomo, alle Bestie, ed all' Agricoltura. 12mo, Mil. 1824.

M. J. Baudet-Lafarge. Essai sur l'Entomologie des Dép. du Puy-de-Dôme. 8vo, Clermont, 1809.—Monographie des Carabides du Puy-de-Dôme. 8vo, 1836.

A. Ahrens. Fauna Insectorum Europae; cura Germar et Kaulfuss. 18mo, 20 fascic., Halle, 1812.—Beiträge zu einer Monographie der rohrkäfer (Donacia Fabr.). 8vo, Halle, 1817.

G. H. Berglund. Anthracides Sueciae. 4to, Lund, 1814.

J. J. B. Hemmer. Raupen und Papilions Kalender. 8vo, fig., Coburg, 1814.

F. L. P. Bidacy-Clark. An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other animals. 4to, fig., Lond. 1815.

— von Malinouzy. Elementarbuch der Insectenkunde. 8vo, Quellnibb, 1816.

Ch. Malo. Les Papillons. 18mo, Paris, 1816.—Les Insectes, ou choix des plus jolis insectes de la France et des pays étrangers. 12mo, Paris, 1818. F. G. Champneys. Considerations Medicinales sur les Insectes. 8vo, Paris, 1817.

G. Kunste. Entomologische Fragmente. 8vo, Halle, 1818.

Gustavus Payrol, a royal councillor, and member of the academy of Stockholm, is the author of several very valuable works. His earlier publications were monographs of the genera Carabus, Curculio, and Staphylinus, afterwards incorporated in his Fauna Suecica (Insecta), 3 vols., 8vo, Upsal, 1800. These contain only the coleopterous tribes. The descriptions are careful and complete. Of the same author, the Monographia Histeroidum, 1 vol., 8vo, Upsal, 1811, is deservedly held in the highest estimation.

H. M. Gaede has published Beiträge zur Anatomie der Insekten, &c. 4to, Altona, 1815.

H. T. L. Reichenbach has published a Monographia Pselophorum, one small volume, with figures, Leipzig, 1816.

John William Meigen, a German naturalist, has published a very complete work on European Diptera: Beschreibung der Europäischen Zweiflügeligen Insekten. 6 vols. 8vo, 1818-30. 2d edit. 1851. It is accompanied by coloured plates representing species of each genus, with the details, chiefly deduced from the antennae, of the generic characters. Meigen is, moreover, the author of—Abbildung aller bis jetzt bekannten Europäischen Zweiflügeligen Insekten. 1 Hist. 8vo, figs., Hamm, 1830.—Handbuch für Schmetterlingsliebhaber. 8vo, figs., Aachen, 1827.—Systematische Beschreibung der Europ. Schmetterlinge, mit Abbildungen. 4to, Aachen, 1827-31.

Louis Jurine, professor of anatomy and surgery at Geneva, is the well-known author of the Nouvelle Méthode de classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères, avec fig., Hyménoptères, tom. 1, in 4to, Geneve, 1807. His classification is based on the ramifications of the nervures of the wings, and an acquaintance with his work is indispensable to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera. He also published a memoir in 4to, entitled Observations sur les Xenos Vesparum, 1816; and Observations sur les ailes des Hyménoptères.—"ouvrage d'une admirable patience," says Latreille. The latter appeared in the 24th volume of the Mémoires de l'Académie de Turin.

François Huber of Geneva, born in 1750, died in 1831, the celebrated author of the Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles (2d edition), 2 vols. 8vo, 1814, was, though deprived of sight, one of the most accurate and original observers of the habits of the insect world. The second volume of the work just named is by Pierre Huber, the son of the preceding. The younger Huber was also the author of Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes. 1 vol. 8vo, 1810; and of Observations sur les Bourdons. The latter was published in the 6th vol. of the Linn. Trans.

Charles John Schönherr, a Swede, has published a work under the name of Synonymia Insectorum. 3 vols. 8vo, 1806-8-17. It contains only coleopterous insects, and although not completed even in relation to those tribes, it is a work of great labour, extreme accuracy, and consequently high value. It is of indispensable service to those who desire to trace the mystified stream of synonyms, so frequently confused and contradictory among the subjects of Entomology. Schönherr is also the author of an excellent work, entitled Curculionidum Dispositio methodica, 1 vol. 8vo, Leipzig, 1826; and he has very recently brought out a much more complete and extended publication on the same great tribe, under the title of Genera et Species Curculionidum, cum Synonymia hujus familiae. 7 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1834-43.

Leonard Gyllenhaal, another noted entomologist of Sweden, is the author of a work in several parts, called Insecta Suecica. 1808-28. This is one of the few works on the Coleoptera which has not been left in an uncompleted state; and the great accuracy of the descriptions, expressed in language remarkable alike for precision and perspicuity, renders it a publication of the very highest value.