in Roman Antiquity, a form of punishment, of which there were various degrees. Offences which came under the category of "capitalia" were punished either with death or with banishment; and this banishment consisted in the aquae et ignis interdictio, which involved the loss of citizenship to the criminal. Other kinds of banishment were properly called relegatio, which word could not be used as a term of personal reproach in the same manner with exsul. Thus Ovid declares himself to have been merely a relegatus, alleging that Augustus

Nil nisi me patris jussit abire focis.

This distinction between relegatio and exsiliium subsisted also in the times of the republic. During that era no Roman citizen could be deprived of his citizenship by a special statute unless he were previously condemned in a judicium. Even such as were convicted of capital offences did not lose their citizenship at Rome until they were admitted citizens of some other state; and this was effected not by the ademptio civitatis, but by the interdictio aquae et ignis. Any citizen, however, who voluntarily exchanged his Roman citizenship for that of some other state, ceased by that very act to be a Roman citizen, as it was one of the fundamental principles of the Roman law that a man could not simultaneously be a citizen of two states. (See CITIZEN; OSTRA-

CISM, &c.)

EXMOUTH, a market-town and watering place of England, county of Devon, at the mouth of the Ex, ten miles S.S.E. of Exeter. Pop. (1851) 5123. Exmouth was early a place of importance, and in 1347 contributed ten vessels to the fleet sent to attack Calais. It was the first watering-place on the coast of Devon, and is frequented not only for bathing, but also as a winter residence by those suffering under pulmonary diseases, as it is celebrated for the mildness of its climate, and is well sheltered from the N.E. and S.E. winds by some high hills which rise almost close behind it. The rides and walks in the neighbourhood are remarkably beautiful, and the Beacon hill commands one of the finest views in the south of England. It possesses assembly rooms, baths, libraries, and other essentials of a fashionable watering-place.