or Fabrizio, Jerome, surnamed Aquapendente, from his having been a native of the episcopal city of that name in Italy, where he was born in 1537. His parents, though poor, were desirous to give their son an excellent education, and with this view sent him to Padua, where the young Fabricius soon found powerful protectors to assist in the cultivation of his talents. After completing his course of philosophy, he applied himself to medicine, which he studied under the celebrated Fallopius, and soon became the most distinguished pupil of that learned professor, whom he afterwards succeeded. Fallopius having died in 1562, Fabricius, then only twenty-five years of age, was at first employed merely to give anatomical demonstrations; but he discharged this duty with so much zeal and ability that, in 1565, he was formally promoted to the chair of surgery, whilst that of anatomy, which had hitherto been considered as merely a dependence or accessory of the other, was declared primary in favour of Fabricius, to whom were also assigned very considerable appointments. And to these preferments the senators of Venice added the highest distinctions which it was in their power to bestow. They granted him privileges not less extraordinary than flattering, gave him precedence of the professors of philosophy, named him citizen of Venice, honoured him with a statue and a gold chain, decorated him with the order of knight of St Fabrieius.

Mark, constructed a superb anatomical theatre for his accommodation, and assigned him a liberal retiring allowance, with the right of naming his successor. Fabricius practised his profession with much dignity and with rare disinterestedness. Persons of high rank, who were indebted to him for the re-establishment of their health, made up by rich presents for the fees which the generous physician refused; and these Fabricius collected in a cabinet, on the door of which he caused to be inscribed the words Lucri neglecti lucrum. He possessed a beautiful country-house, situated on the delightful banks of the Brenta, and still known by the name of Montagnola d'Acquapendente, where, sound in body and mind, loaded with riches, generally esteemed, and enjoying a brilliant reputation, he calculated on spending a happy old age; but his expectations were cruelly disappointed, and his repose was disturbed by envy and ingratitude. It is even said that on more than one occasion he had to defend himself against violent attempts on his life, which even in his own house was not secure. Relations, on whom he had never ceased to lavish favours, unworthily betrayed his confidence, and are suspected, not without reason, of having abridged his days by means of poison.

Having attained the age of eighty-two, he died suddenly, in an agony of vomiting, on the 21st May 1619, leaving to his niece a fortune of two hundred thousand ducats, and to the republic of letters the following works, which are much esteemed: De Visione, Voce, Audita, Venice, 1600, in fol.; De formato Fati liber, Venice, 1600, in fol.; De Venarum ostiolis, Padua, 1603, in fol.; De Locutione et ejus instrumentis, Venice, 1603, in 4to; De Brutorum loquela, Padua, 1603, in fol.; De Musculi artificio ac Ossium dearticulationibus, Vicenza, 1614, in 4to; De Motu locali Animalium secundum totum, Padua, 1618, in 4to; De Respiratione et ejus Instrumentis libri duo, Padum, 1615, in 4to; De Gula, Ventriculo, Intestinis, Padua, 1618, in 4to; and also De totius Animalis integumentis, Padua, 1618, in 4to. These different fragments were collected and printed by Bohn, with a preface, under the title of Opera omni Anatomica et Physiologica hæc varii locis ac formis edita, non vero certo ordine digesta, et in unum volumen redacta, Leipzig, 1687, in fol. But the Leyden edition, published in 1738, by Bernard-Siegfried Albinus, is preferred to that of Bohn, as containing a life of the author, and the prefaces of the different treatises, which Bohn had unaccountably suppressed. All the writings of Fabricius are truly classical, and fully justify the high reputation of their author. His style is pure, and even elegant; the language of Hippocrates was as familiar to him as that of Celsus; and lucid order pervades all his writings. In regularity of plan and clear luminous method he is unsurpassed. "On a reproché à ce grand chirurgien trop de timidité dans l'exercice de son art, et pourtant nous le voyons," says his French biographer, "pratiquer et perfectionner le trépan, employer avec autant de hardiesse que de talent le bistouri, l'aiguille, le trois-quarts, la ruginne et même le fer rouge, quoiqu'en dise Severino. Haller, qui, certes, ne le juge pas avec bienveillance, est forcé de lui rendre justice sur ces divers points." In a word, Fabricius was one of the greatest ornaments of the university of Padua, and one of the most celebrated anatomists and surgeons of the sixteenth century.

Fabricius, Joannes Albertus, one of the most learned, laborious, and useful of bibliographers, was born at Leipzig, November 11th, 1668. He lost his mother in 1674, and five years afterwards his father, Werner Fabricius, director of music in the church of St Paul at Leipzig, and author of several works, particularly Delicia Harmonica, published in 1657. Joannes Albertus himself commenced his studies under his father, who on his deathbed recommended him to the care of Valentine Alberti. He studied during five years Fabricius, under Wenceslaz Buhl, and afterwards for some time under J. S. Herrichsen; and in 1684 he was sent to Quedlinburg, there to continue his studies under Samuel Schmidt. Having returned to Leipzig in 1686, he was the same year admitted bachelor in philosophy; and in the beginning of 1688 he took the degree of master in the same faculty. He then applied himself to the study of medicine, which, however, he relinquished for that of theology; and having gone to Hamburg in 1693, he proposed to travel abroad, when the unexpected tidings that the expense of his education had absorbed his whole patrimony, and even left him in debt to his trustee, forced him to abandon his project. He therefore remained at Hamburg, where J. F. Mayer employed him in the capacity of librarian. In 1696 he accompanied his patron to Sweden; and, on his return to Hamburg, not long afterwards, he competed for the chair of logic and philosophy. The suffrages being equally divided between Fabricius and Sebastian Edzardi, one of his opponents, the appointment was decided by lot in favour of Edzardi; but in 1699 Fabricius succeeded Vincent Placius in the chair of rhetoric and ethics, after which he took the degree of doctor in theology at Kiel. In 1701, J. F. Mayer, having established himself at Greifswald, caused the chair of theology in that city to be offered to Fabricius, who, however, refused it on account of his health. But in 1708 he accepted the professorship of theology, logic, and metaphysics, and was preparing to enter on his new office, when the senate of Hamburg induced him to remain, by adding to his charge as professor that of rector of the school of St John, then held by his father-in-law, Schultz. Schultz died in 1709, but Fabricius retained the rectorship two years longer. In 1719 the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel made him so advantageous an offer, that Fabricius was on the point of accepting it; but this time also the magistrates, by a seasonable increase of salary, prevailed on him to remain amongst them. An attempt was subsequently made to draw him to Wittenberg. But Fabricius refused to listen to the proposals which were made to him, and remained at Hamburg, where he died April 30th, 1736.

Besides the time which he had devoted to the duties of his office, Fabricius spent a considerable portion in maintaining an extensive correspondence, and in receiving the visits of foreigners; but he was so laborious that he was nevertheless the author of a great number of works, the list of which, according to Niceron and Reimarus, includes as many as a hundred and twenty-eight. It will be sufficient here, however, to indicate the most remarkable of these, which are, 1. Scriptorium recentissum Decus, Hamburg, 1688, in 4to; 2. Decadum, sine Plagiariis et Pretiosissimum centuria, 1689, in 4to; 3. Bibliotheca Latina, sine notitia Auctoris veterum Latium quorumque scripta ad nos pervenerant, Hamburg, 1697, in 8vo, a work which was republished in an improved and amended form by J. A. Ebeling, Leipzig, 1713, in 3 vols. 8vo.; 4. Bibliotheca Graeca, sine notitia Scriptorum Graecorum quaeque monumenta integrae aut fragmenta editione antiqua plenius e manuscript. ac deperditis, Hamburg, 1705–1728, in 14 vols. 4to, a work which has justly been denominated maximae antiquae eruditionis thesaurus; 5. Centuria Fabriciorum scriptis clarorum qui jam diem nunc obierunt, 1705, in 8vo, and a second Century in 1727; 6. Bibliotheca Antiquaria sine Introductio in notitiam Scriptorum qui antiquitates Hebraicas, Graecas, Romanas, et Christianas scriptis illustravant, 1713 and 1726, in 4to; 7. Centifolium Lutheranum, sine notitia literaria Scriptorum omnium generis de B. D. Luther, 1728 and 1730, in 8vo; 8. Conspectus Theatri Litterariorum Italiae, praemissum habens propter alia notitiam Diariorum Italica litterariorum thesaurorumque ac corporum historiciorem et academiacum, 1730, in 8vo; 9. Delectus argumentorum et syllabus Scriptorum qui veritatem religiosam Christianam advertere athanasii, Epicureos, sectam seu novam religionem, idiomatum et rituum ad Mosaici disciplinas hactenus non quaesitos, 1721, in 4to; 10. Salmi seu Evangeli toti orti per divinam gratiam exortae, sine notitia historicae et technologiae, litterariae ac geographicae propagatorum per orbem totum Christianae sacrae, 1731, in 4to; 11. Hydrotheology, in German, 1734, in 4to; 12. Bibliotheca Latina medicinae et infirmitatis Latinistis, 1734–1756, in 5 vols. 8vo. The principal works edited by Fabricius were, 1. Vincenti Placidi theatrum anonymorum et pseudonymorum, Hamburg, in two vols. fol.; 2. Joannis Molliani iter Germanicum, et Joannis Launovi de Scholtis celebrius a Carolo Magno et post Caroli.

Fabricius, Johann Christ, the most celebrated entomologist of the eighteenth century, was born at Tondern, in the duchy of Sleswick, in 1742. After having completed his studies, at the age of twenty he repaired to the university of Upsal, to attend the prelections of Linnæus. How long he remained there is uncertain; but no pupil was ever more indebted to the lessons of his master than Fabricius. All his works on entomology, which have secured to him a well-merited reputation, indicate the precepts, the method, and even the forms of Linnæus, applied to the development of a single new idea, not more fortunate in conception than fruitful in its consequences. Far from disguising the obligations which he owed to his master, Fabricius delighted to expatiate on the happy moments which he had passed in the society of Linnæus; and the grateful scholar has transmitted to us those biographical details, which are not only the most interesting in themselves, but at the same time best fitted to give us an insight into the character of the great naturalist. It was in studying under this master that Fabricius conceived the idea of his system, and formed the project of his labours on insects. The first insect's mouth which he dissected was that of a cockchafer (Scarabaeus striatus); he showed it to Linnæus, with the description he had made of it, and proposed to him to employ the organs of the mouth in order to establish the characters of insects, in the new edition of the Systema Nature which Linnæus was then preparing. The latter encouraged his pupil to pursue this course, but refused to enter on it himself, because, as he said, he was too old to change his method. Forced to choose a profession, Fabricius studied medicine, and at the age of twenty-five took the degree of doctor in physic; but being soon afterwards appointed professor of natural history in the university of Kiel, he devoted himself entirely to his favourite pursuits, and in 1775 published his system of entomology. This work gave a new aspect to the science. Swammerdam and Ray had classed insects according to their metamorphoses; Lister, Linnæus, and Geoffroy, carrying out a suggestion of Aristotle, according to the organs of motion; and some entomologists, as Reaumur, Scopoli, and even Linnæus himself, had employed the nutritive organs in order to characterize distinctively certain genera. But before the time of Fabricius no one had thought of making these the basis of a general classification. This idea was at once new and bold, and the author evolved it with singular ability. In a second work, which he published two years afterwards, he developed the characters of the classes and genera, showing in the preface the advantages of his method, and at the same time excusing its inconveniences. Lastly, in 1778, he published Entomological Philosophy, in imitation of the Botanical Philosophy of Linnæus; and from this period till his death, that is during the space of more than thirty years, he was incessantly occupied in extending his system, which he reproduced under different forms in the various works which, from time to time, he gave to the world. But in proportion as the number of species increased, the characters of the genera, and even of the classes, became more and more uncertain and arbitrary; and with reference to this fundamental point, his later writings are perhaps inferior to those which preceded them. The basis which he had assumed was excellent; but it could only conduct him to a natural method, not, as he supposed, to a system; and this misconception led him to neglect other considerations which would have furnished more exact means of classification. Fabricius had a very extensive knowledge of botany, and of the other branches of natural history. He had been appointed counsellor of state to the king of Denmark, and professor of rural and political economy; in which capacity he published, in German and in Danish, several useful works, though much less celebrated than those which appeared from his pen on the subject of entomology. Fabricius died in 1807, at the age of sixty-five, of a melancholic affection, produced, as is alleged, by the bombardment of Copenhagen.

The following is a list of his works:—1. *Systema Entomologiae*, Flensburg, 1775, in 8vo; 2. *Genera Insectorum*, Kiel, 1776, in 8vo; 3. *Philosophia Entomologica*, Hamburg, 1778, in 4to; 4. *Species Insectorum*, ibid., 1778, in 2 vols. 8vo; 5. *Monographiae Insectorum*, Copenhagen, 1787, in 2 vols. 8vo; 6. *Novae Inspectoriae Genera*, in Mem. of the Soc. of Nat. History, Copenhagen, 1792-1793, in 7 vols. 8vo; 7. *Supplementum Entomologiae Systematis*, ibid., 1798, in 8vo; 8. *Systema Entomologiae*, Kiel, 1798, in 2 vols. 8vo, with an index; 10. *Systema Rhytognathorum*, Braunschweig, 1803, in 8vo; 11. *Systema Plicatorum*, ibid., 1804, in 8vo; 12. *Systema Antilatiorum*, ibid., 1805, in 8vo; 13. Description of the Tipula Series in the Berlin Museum, tome v.; 14. *De Systematis Entomologiae*, in the same collection; 15. Considerations sur l'ordre général de la Nature, Hamburg, 1781, in 8vo; 16. Traité de la Culture des Plantes à l'usage des cultivateurs; 17. Observations sur l'engraissage des Animaux durant l'hiver, inserted in the Mag. de Physique, tom. ix.; 18. Résultat des Légons sur l'Hygiène Naturelle, Kiel, 1804, in 8vo; 19. Sur l'accroissement de la Population, particulièrement en Danemark; 20. Éléments d'Economie Politique à l'usage des étudiants, Flensburg, 1775, in 8vo; 21. Remarques historiques sur le Commerce du Danemark; 22. Heuré botanique (Bogendahl bezeicnt); what consists civilis virtus? Copenhagen, 1787, in 8vo; 23. Sur les Finances et la Dette en Danemark; 24. Recueil d'Écrits sur l'Administration, Kiel, 1786, and 1790, in 2 vols. 8vo; 25. Sur les Académies, particulièrement en Danemark, Copenhagen, 1796, in 8vo; 26. Voyage en Norvège, Hamburg, 1799, in 8vo; 27. Lettres sur Londres, Leipzig, 1784, in 8vo; 28. Lettres au sujet d'un voyage fait en Russie; 29. Remarques Minutieuses et Technologiques; 30. Remarques sur le Danemark, written in English, and published by Piskerton in his Modern Geography, 1807.