ignifies a sum of money paid for entering lands or tenements let by lease; and sometimes a pecuniary mulct Fine Arts for an offence committed against the king and his laws, or against the lord of the manor.

**FINE ARTS.** See Arts, and Exhibition.

**FINGAL,** king of Morven. See Ossian.

**FINGAL'S CAVE.** See Staffa.

**FINIAL.** See glossary to Architecture.

**FINISTERE,** or Finistere, the most western of the French departments, and forming part of the old province of Bretagne, is bounded on the N.W. and S. by the ocean, while on the E. it has the departments of Cotes-du-Nord and Morbihan. It extends from N. Lat. 47° 44' to 48° 47', and from W. Long. 3° 22' to 4° 50'; being 78 miles in length from N. to S., by 63 in width, and having an area of 666,705 hectares, or 2574 square miles. Two chains of hills run nearly parallel from E. to W., through this department, and divide it into three zones of nearly equal extent, conveying the waters in three different directions. North of the Arrez, or more northern of the two chains, the waters of the Douron, Jarleuc, Penzé, Flèche, &c., flow northward to the sea. South of the Noires range the Odet, Aven, Ioste, and Elle, flow southward; while the region inclosed by the two chains having a declination westward, the waters of the Aulne and the Elorn flow into the Brest roads. The rivers are all small, and none of the hills attain a height of 900 feet. The coasts are generally steep and rocky, and indented with numerous bays and inlets, affording some excellent harbours, the principal being those of Brest, Morlaix, Landernau, Quimper, and Donarnenez. The only navigable rivers are the Aulne, Elorn, and Odet. Off the coast lie a number of islands and rocky islets, the principal of which are Ushant and Bas. The climate is temperate but rather humid; the prevailing winds are the W., S.W., and N.W. Of the 1,647,521 acres contained in this department, 675,142 are arable, 663,678 heath and waste land, 81,055 woods and forests, 101,095 meadow land, and 24,797 gardens, orchards, &c. Though so small a portion of the land is under cultivation, yet the produce of corn is more than sufficient for the population, and would be still greater were more scientific methods pursued in its cultivation. The chief crops are oats, rye, wheat, and barley; flax, hemp, and pulse, of good quality, are also produced. The pasturage being good, considerable attention is given to the rearing of cattle; and the fisheries of the coast, particularly the pilchard fishery, employ a great many hands, and render this department an excellent nursery of seamen for the French navy. Finistère is rich in minerals—iron, coal, lead, bismuth, and zinc mines, are worked; as well as quarries of granite, slate, marble, and porphyry. The lead mines of Poilhouen and Huégoët are among the largest in France, and the ore extracted yields a considerable quantity of silver. The manufactures are linens, woollens, sail-cloth, ropes, paper, leather, earthenware, soda, soap, candles, sugar, &c. Ship-building is carried on at Brest and other of the seaports. Finistère is divided into 5 arrondissements as follows:

| Arrondissements | Cantons | Communes | Pop. in 1851 | |-----------------|---------|----------|-------------| | Quimper | 9 | 62 | 117,489 | | Brest | 12 | 83 | 204,765 | | Châteaulin | 7 | 59 | 105,658 | | Morlaix | 10 | 58 | 142,863 | | Quimperlé | 5 | 20 | 46,935 |

Total: 43 282 617,710

**FINLAND,** called by the natives Suomenmaa, the Region of Lakes or Swamps, is a government of Russia, comprising, besides the old Swedish province of Finland, the two Lapmarks of Kami and Torneä, and the district of Wiborg. It lies between N. Lat. 59° 50' and 70° 6', and E. Long. 20° 30' and 32° 45', being bounded on the N. by Norwegian Finnmark, by Sweden W. and the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by the Gulf of Finland, and E. by the governments of St Petersburg, Olonetz, and Archangel. It is about 730 miles in length from N. to S., with an average breadth of about 185 miles. The sea-coast of Finland throughout its entire extent presents the same succession of fords and rocky headlands as characterize the whole seaward frontier of Sweden and Norway. The fords of Finland, however, are far more limited than those to the west of the Gulf of Bothnia, and seldom exceed a few miles in extent, although their mouths contain an equal number of islands, some of which, as the isles of Sveaborg, have been converted into fortresses of great strength. The coasts of the Bothnian and Finland Gulfs are thickly strewn with rocks of granite and limestone, presenting in some places a labyrinthine archipelago of little islands, rendering the navigation extremely dangerous. The greater portion of the interior is a vast table-land averaging in height from 400 to 600 feet, and interspersed with hills of no great elevation. In the north, however, are the Manselka Mountains, which attain a height of nearly 4000 feet, and stretch southward, though with several interruptions, until they terminate in lofty cliffs on the Gulf of Bothnia. The great mass of the mountains is composed of red granite, and vast quantities of the same rock lie in boulders on the lower grounds, and prove a very serious obstacle to their cultivation. Many of the heights are bare, but the greater part of them being of moderate elevation are covered with forests chiefly of pine; and in combination with the vast number of lakes inclosed by their bases, often form very romantic scenery. The extensive forests are sometimes devastated by the tempests of winter, which seem to find access to their very centres in tornadoes, tearing up by the roots or bending and snapping the largest pines. Frequently also ravages are committed in them by conflagrations occasioned often through the carelessness of the peasants. The interior of Finland is also intersected and broken up by a vast number of lakes, throwing out winding arms and branches in all directions, which, while they offer the greatest facilities for inland navigation, render land travelling circuitous and dangerous. Many of the high roads pass over islands on these lakes, the natural strength of whose situation has been taken advantage of, to cover them with batteries; and some of them, as at Wiborg and Nyšlot, are considered impregnable, save to fraud or famine. The principal of these lakes are Ladoga, the greater portion of which belongs to this government; Lake Saima, which is crowded with islands and discharges its superfluous waters in a series of cataracts into Lake Ladoga, but which is now connected by means of a canal with the Gulf of Finland near Wiborg; and Lake Enara in the extreme north, covering above 1000 square miles, and having its outlet in the Frozen Ocean. The chief rivers are the Ulca, which is navigated by trading vessels though its stream is very rapid; the Cano which passes Björnberg; the Aurajoki which at Abu is about 100 yards broad; the Kymen which flows into the middle of the Gulf of Finland; and the Tornæ which discharges itself at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia, and forms the present boundary between Sweden and Russia. The climate varies much according to the locality. In Lapmark, in the north, it is polar somewhat modified, and the sun disappears during December and January. Further south at Uleaborg, winter begins in October and continues to May, to which month spring is limited. Summer commences in June and lasts three months, which are generally so hot and dry that the crops, particularly where the soil is of a sandy nature, often suffer from drought. The autumn, like the spring, is confined to one month, and may be said to commence and terminate in September. Even in summer the nights are cold, particularly about the middle of August. During summer, however, the progress of vegetation is remarkably rapid; and there have been instances of grain being sown and reaped in six weeks. In the more southern parts the climate is less severe; the winter being of five or six Finland. months' duration. Dense fogs are frequent, and heavy rains take place in autumn. The soil is for the most part stony or sandy; but notwithstanding this it is much more productive than the opposite part of the Scandinavian peninsula, and when in the possession of Sweden it was termed the granary of that country. The principal crops are barley and rye, but owing to the nature of the surface and climate a large portion of the land is fit only for pasture. In the north, where vegetation is almost confined to the growth of moss and lichen, other domestic animals are superseded by the reindeer, of which great herds are kept. In addition to timber (chiefly fir), large quantities of potash, pitch, and rosin are obtained, and form the principal articles of export. The mineral productions are chiefly confined to iron, lead, sulphur, slate, and granite. The first is only wrought to a limited extent for the supply of a few furnaces; wrought iron being now principally imported from Sweden. A great number of excellent granite quarries have been opened, chiefly on the borders of the lakes or sea-coasts to secure the advantage of water carriage. From these are obtained blocks of extraordinary magnitude and beauty, which are employed for architectural and artistic purposes. One of the finest specimens is the monolith obelisk recently erected in St Petersburg to the Emperor Alexander. In its rough state it was 12 feet in diameter, and 80 feet in length. The manufactures of Finland are insignificant. Agriculture, the rearing of cattle, and fishing are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. The coasts present many good harbours, but on account of the long winter they cannot be extensively used. In winter sledges afford an easy and rapid communication with different parts, and even with Sweden across the Gulf of Bothnia. In March 1809, Barclay de Tolly crossed over with a division of the Russian army from Vasa to Umea in Sweden.

From official documents the returns of the trade of Finland for the year 1848 were in silver rubles of the value of about 3s. 2d., as follows:

| Exports | Imports | |---------|---------| | To Sweden and Norway | 197,942 | | To other countries | 1,946,994 | | Export duty on the same | 38,704 | | Total | 2,183,640 |

| From Sweden and Norway | 430,356 | | From other countries | 3,123,500 | | Deduct import duty thereon | 3,553,956 | | Total | 2,660,455 |

Showing an excess in the imports over the exports of 476,816 rubles, which, however, was in part covered by the freight earned by the merchant shipping. The above statements indicate a falling off as compared with former years in the export trade to Norway and Sweden. To these two countries the leading articles of export and their value were—fish 23,569 rubles; hides 8616; beef 24,378; grain 15,083; tallow 30,809; tar 11,483; firewood 11,483. The imports were—books 16,200 rubles; fish 25,228; iron and steel 250,870; sugar 65,418; tobacco 4677; dye-woods and stuffs 23,990. The exports to other countries were also less than in former years; the chief articles were—potash 16,733 rubles; butter 183,409; tar 324,717; wood and timber 921,360. The chief imports from other countries were—medicines 20,914 rubles; cotton 138,318; arrack, rum, brandy, 169,794; coffee 597,708; fruits 106,042; dye-stuffs 134,550; yarn 349,933; iron and steel 89,709; salt 531,665; sugar 544,485; wine 140,528; manufactures wove 666,145.

In 1831 Finland was divided administratively into eight circles or län, which are sub-divided into fogderier or districts and herads or bailiwicks. There is a distinct establishment at St Petersburg for the government of this vast province. The governor-general, who resides at Helsingfors, has the superintendence of the military affairs. Finland has a diet composed of the four orders of the nobility, clergy, citizens, and peasantry, and a code of laws and judicial system similar to that of Sweden, but the diet is rarely convoked, except to consent to the imposition of fresh taxes, a senate more recently established having replaced it in the exercise of its functions. The regiments raised in Finland are not promiscuously intermixed with the general forces of the Russian empire; and their fleet, by far the best manned portion of the Russian navy, forms a distinct squadron under the Finnish flag. None but a native Finnlander can hold any office of trust in the country. Almost all the inhabitants are Lutherans under the bishops of Abo and Borgo, except in the circle of Wilborg, where they belong to the Russian Church. Public education is in a very backward state. At Helsingfors is a university, transferred from Abo in 1829; and all the towns have schools, but there is a great deficiency of country schools. The majority of the inhabitants are Fins, who call themselves Suomalais or Swedes, but they are denominated Tschudies by the Russians. They are of middle height, robust, flat-faced, with prominent cheek-bones, light, reddish, or yellowish-brown hair, gray eyes, little beard, and a dull sallow complexion. They are courageous, hospitable, and honest, but obstinate in the extreme, indolent, dirty, and it is said revengeful. Their customs and habits have been handed down from time immemorial, and their costume forcibly bears out the supposition of their being of oriental origin. The peasants wear long loose robes of a coarse woollen manufacture, secured by a silken cincture like the kummerband of the Mussulmans. The eight län with their areas and populations are as follows, commencing from the south and east:

| Area | Population | |------|------------| | Wilborg | 13,700 | | St Michael | 9,271 | | Nyland | 5,976 | | Tavastehus | 7,112 | | Abo | 10,696 | | Vasa | 15,938 | | Knopla | 17,089 | | Uleaborg | 63,415 | | Total | 146,477 |

The chief towns of Finland are Helsingfors the present capital, Abo the former capital, Wilborg, Tavastehus, Vasa, Uleaborg, and Torneä. The Fins were Pagans living under their own independent kings till the twelfth century, about the middle of which Finland was conquered by the Swedes, who introduced Christianity. The province of Wilborg was seized by Peter the Great in 1721, and the remainder of the country was annexed by conquest to the Russian dominions in 1809.—(Atheneum, 18th March 1854.)