a town of Hindustan, province of Oude, on the S. bank of the river Dewah or Gogra. This city is said to have owed its origin to the Nabob Sufider Jung, who in 1740 erected some temporary houses in an extensive garden at this place; and his son, Shuja Aldowleh, after the battle of Buxar, made this his residence, and gave orders for erecting a palace and other public buildings. The city soon rose into importance; but Shuja having subsequently transferred his residence to Lucknow, many of the houses, which had been hastily built, fell into decay. It is still, however, a considerable city, and contains a numerous population, chiefly of the lower classes, the merchants and bankers having removed to Lucknow along with the court. Fyzabad was the residence of the two celebrated Begums, the mother and grandmother of the last-mentioned nabob. Adjoining is the ancient city of Oude or Ayodha, the capital of the great Ram, who conquered Ceylon. The city contains some handsome tombs belonging to the reigning family; and its gardens are celebrated for grapes and other fruits. It is 90 miles E. of Lucknow. Long. 82. 10. E.; Lat. 26. 46. N. G, the seventh letter and fifth consonant of our alphabet, and the third in the Hebrew, Phoenician, Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, and Greek. The Hebrews call it ghimel or gimmel, a camel, from its fancied resemblance to the hump on the back of that animal; and it bears the same appellation in the Samaritan, Phoenician, and Chaldee: in the Syriac it is called gamel, in Arabic jum, and in Greek gamma. The Greek gamma, Γ, is manifestly the phimel, ρ, of the Hebrews or Samaritans turned in the opposite direction. The early Latins used C for the Greek gamma, and hence C came to hold the third place in the alphabet. Dionedes (lib. ii., cap. De Litera) calls G a new letter. His reason is, that the Romans had not introduced it before the first Punic war, as appears from the Columna Rostrata erected by Duilius, in which C is everywhere found instead of G. It was Sp. Carvilius who, as we learn from Terentius Scaurus (120 A.D.), first distinguished between these two letters, and invented the figure of the G.

G, however, is found instead of C on several medals (Vaillant, Num. Imperat. tom. i., p. 39); and Beger produces a medal of the Familia Oguinia where we find Gar instead of Car, which is the reading on those of Palia. But C is more frequently seen on medals instead of G, as Auctus-talis, Callaecia, Curtacinensis, &c.; so that the pronunciation of these words was altered, but only that the G was unskilfully or negligently cut by the workmen; as may be seen in different inscriptions of the eastern empire, where AVG is frequently found for AVG, and so in other cases. The northern nations frequently changed the G into V or W, as in Gallus, Wallus; Gallia, Wallia, Vallia, &c. But it must not be supposed that the French have changed the W into G; because they wrote Gallus long before Wallus or Wallia was known, as appears from all the ancient Greek and Roman writers. And yet it is equally true that the French change the W of the northern nations, and V consonant, into G; as Willielmus, William, into Guillaume; Wulphilas into Gulphilas; Vascon into Gascon, and so in other cases.

The letter G is a mute, and cannot be sounded without the help of a vowel. It is formed by the reflection of the breath against the palate by the tongue, or, as Martianus Capella expresses it, G spiritus cum palato; so that G is a palatal letter. The modern G takes its form from that of the Latins. In English it has two sounds; one from the Greek Γ, which is hard, as before a, o, u, l, r; and the other soft, resembling that of j, as before e, i, y; and sometimes before e, as get, &c. It is also hard in derivatives from words ending in g, as singing, stronger, &c.; and generally before er at the ends of words, as finger. G is mute before n, as gnash, sign. Gh has the sound of the hard G in the beginning of a word, as ghostly; in the middle, and sometimes at the end, it is quite silent, as right, though. At the end of a word Gh has often the sound of f, as laugh, rough, tough.

As a numeral, G was anciently used to denote 400; and with a dash over it thus, G, 40,000. As an abbreviation, G stands for Gaius, Gelius, gens, genius, &c. G, G, for gemina, gesse, gessecurt, &c. G, C. for genio civilis or Caesaris. G, L. for Gaius libertus, or genius loci. G, V, S. for genio urbis sacrum; G, B. for genio bono; and G, T. for genio tutelari. In music, G is the mark of the treble clef; and from its being placed at the head, or marking the first sound in Guido's scale, the whole scale took the name of gamut.