in English Gaul, the country inhabited by the Galli. By the Romans the term "Gallia" was restricted in its use to those portions of Europe occupied by tribes of the Gallic name. In classical times these fell naturally into two great divisions, the one lying on the southern or Roman side of the Alps, and thence called "Gallia Cisalpina;" and the other on the northern or further side of that mountain-range, and thence called "Gallia Transalpina." Transalpine Gaul, as understood by Cæsar, comprised the whole of France and Belgium, a small part of the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Germany west of the Rhine, the greater part of Switzerland, and a part of Savoy. This country, the entire area of which was about 240,000 square Gallia Cisalpina extended southwards from the Alps to the confines of Etruria and Umbria. Only a small portion of this country, however, was occupied by tribes of Gallic origin, but the Romans who had at first employed the term in a somewhat vague sense to northern Italy, ended by applying it to the basin of the Po and the Alpine country north of that river, so far as it had been subdued by them. The Inalpini, or tribes that dwelt within the Alps, were not finally subdued till the times of Augustus.

The most important of the tribes inhabiting both the Gauls will be found described under their respective heads.

**GALLIC ACID.** See DYEING, vol. viii. p. 281.

**GALLICISM,** an idiom of the French language employed in an expression, or in the construction of a sentence belonging to another language.

**GALLIENUS,** P. LUCINIUS, emperor of Rome from 253 to 268 A.D. In the beginning of his reign he gave proof both of bravery and ability in his defeat of the barbarians who had invaded Italy from the north. He afterwards belied the promise of his youth, and gave himself up to excess and debauchery of every kind. Usurpers soon appeared in almost every province of the empire, and this period of Roman history came to be called the reign of the thirty tyrants. Gallienus was killed at Milan while besieging one of his refractory vassals in that city.

**GALLIPOLI,** anciently *Callipolis,* an important seaport town of Naples, province of Terra di Otranto, beautifully situated on a rocky islet, on the east shore of the Gulf of Taranto, and connected by a long stone bridge of twelve arches with the mainland, on which is its suburb of Lizza. The town is well-built and fortified, and has a castle erected by Charles I. of Anjou, a cathedral, and a fountain decorated by antique bas-reliefs. It is chiefly noted for its extensive cisterns cut in the solid rock for containing the olive oil collected from all parts of Puglia, and which constitutes its chief export. It has no harbour, but a bay or roadstead north-east of the town, with from ten to twelve fathoms water, but trending towards the shore so that vessels of considerable burden should not come within less than a musket shot of the land. Gallipoli has also a considerable trade in corn, fruits, &c., and a productive tunny fishery. The chief manufactures are muslins, cotton stockings, and woollen goods. Pop. upwards of 10,000.

**GALLIFOLI,** anciently *Callipolis,* a seaport town of European Turkey, province of Rumillia, on the northern shore of the Hellespont, at the entrance to the sea of Marmora, 90 miles south of Adrianople. It is situated on a peninsula, and protected by two ports, and is one of the chief stations of the Turkish fleet. Its trade is chiefly in corn, wine, and oil, and it has several extensive and well-furnished bazaars. The chief manufactures are cottons, silks, earthenware, and Morocco leather, which last is the best made in Turkey. It is the see of a bishop of the Greek Church. The houses are mean, and the streets narrow and dirty. It was once fortified, but its walls have been destroyed, and its only defence is now an old square castle with a tower, built probably by Bajazet. On the south side of the town are some tumuli, said to be the sepulchres of the ancient Thracian kings, and on the north are some undefined ruins, supposed to be the remains of the ancient city. Fragments of sculpture and architecture are to be seen in all parts of the town. A considerable improvement was effected here by the allied troops in 1854. Pop. probably about 20,000, including Turks, Armenians, Gallois Jews, and some Greeks.

**GALLOIS,** JEAN, one of the founders of the *Journal des Savans,* was born at Paris on the 11th of June 1632. From his infancy he evinced a strong inclination for learning, which his father, an advocate in the parliament, cultivated with the greatest care. Having entered the ecclesiastical state, he turned his studies towards theology, and at the same time endeavoured to perfect himself in the knowledge of Greek and of Hebrew, that he might be able to read the sacred books in the originals; he also devoted his leisure hours to literature and the sciences; and as he was endowed with an excellent memory, as well as a sound judgment, his different acquisitions arranged themselves without confusion or disorder in his mind. To learning equally solid and various he joined the talent, then rare among scholars, of writing his vernacular with precision and elegance; and hence no one could be better qualified than he for conducting a work having for its object to make known the literary and scientific productions of other nations. Such was the object of the *Journal des Savans,* and as the privilege had been withdrawn from Sallo, on the complaints of some writers whom he had censured with too great bitterness, Colbert bestowed it on the Abbé Gallois in 1666. The latter had the sole charge of this journal till 1674, when the amount of labour which it imposed, with his other avocations, forced him to abandon it altogether. Colbert, who had appreciated the merit of Gallois, gave him at first an apartment in his hôtel, and afterwards, during his journeys to Versailles, intrusted it entirely to his care. It has been alleged that this minister desired to learn Latin, and that he retained the Abbé Gallois for the purpose of instructing him in that language. It is believed that Gallois furnished the plan of the Academy of Inscriptions, although he did not become a member; but he had been admitted into the Academy of Sciences in 1668, and in 1673 he filled the place of Bourzeis in the French Academy, being admitted the same day with Fléchier and Racine. After the death of his illustrious protector, he obtained the place of keeper of the king's library; and, some years afterwards, when he lost this situation, he was, by way of compensation, appointed professor of the Greek language in the Royal College. After the remodelling of the Academy of Sciences, he was placed in the class of geometry; and he then proposed to publish the treatise of Pappus, of which there only existed a defective Latin translation; but this design was not carried into execution. The Abbé Gallois died on the 19th of April 1707, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Notwithstanding the extreme mediocrity of his fortune, he had collected more than twelve thousand choice volumes, a catalogue of which was printed in 1710. Besides his contributions to the *Journal des Savans,* the Abbé Gallois wrote, 1. Traduction Latine du Traité de Paix des Pyrénées, Paris, 1659, in fol.; 2. Remarques sur le projet de l'Histoire de France, dressé par Ducange, printed in the new edition of the *Bibliothèque Historique de France,* tome iii.; 3. Réponse à l'écrit de David Gregory, touchant les lignes appelées Robervalliennes, qui servent à transformer les figures, Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences, 1692; with some others of less note. The éloge of Gallois was pronounced by Fontenelle.

**GALLOON,** a measure of capacity both for dry and liquid articles, containing four quarts.

**GALLOON,** a rich kind of lace made of gold or silver, or of silk only.

**GALLOWAY,** a district of Scotland compreending the stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtonshire. See KIRKCUDBRIGHT, and WIGTONSHIRE.