a town in the State of Maine, N. America, on the Kennebec river, 12 miles S. by E. of Augusta. It has numerous saw-mills, and contains 6486 inhabitants.

Colonel James, a Scottish soldier, remarkable alike for valour and piety, was born at Carriden in Linlithgowshire, Jan. 10, 1687. At the age of fourteen he entered a Scottish regiment in the Dutch service, and was afterwards present at the battle of Ramillies, where he was wounded. While in garrison during the intervals of his campaigns, he had distinguished himself by the recklessness with which he plunged into all the dissipation and excess incident to a military career. In 1719, however, a wonderful change came over him; and he was henceforth as remarkable for piety and Christian worth as he had formerly been for qualities the very opposite of these. The beautiful story of Colonel Gardiner's conversion, and the seemingly supernatural circumstances attending it, have been carefully detailed by his biographer, Dr Doddridge. He fell at the battle of Prestonpans in 1745. The circumstances of his death are described in Waverley with all the minuteness of historical detail, set off by the legitimate embellishment of romance.

Stephen, bishop of Winchester, and lord chancellor of England, was born at Bury St Edmunds in 1483. He is believed, on good grounds, to have been the illegitimate son of Dr Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, brother of Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV. After the usual preliminary studies, he was entered of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself as much by his knowledge of canon and civil law as by his classical attainments. In course of time he became himself Master of Trinity Hall, and made the acquaintance of Cardinal Wolsey, who introduced him to Henry VIII. Without much difficulty he gained the good-will of that monarch, who sent him in 1527 to Italy to gain the pope's consent to the divorce of Catherine of Arragon. In this mission he was not successful, but he showed such zeal and skill, that on returning home he was entrusted with the conduct of the case. He was likewise made secretary of state, and in 1531 was promoted to the bishopric of Winchester. In these high offices he distinguished himself by his constant and inflexible opposition to everything that smacked of change or progress, especially in matters of religion. Cranmer and the reformers in especial were made to feel the full weight of his hostility; and the opportune downfall of Cromwell removed a serious obstacle from the path of Gardiner's ambition. He was soon able again to testify his good-will to his royal benefactor by furthering the divorce of Anne of Cleves; but his spirit of intrigue seems to have shaken the confidence of the king, whose leanings were at this time beginning to pronounce in favour of Cranmer and the Protestants. It was not long before an opportunity occurred for Henry to show his real sympathies. Gardiner, as the representative of the Catholic party, tried to fix upon Cranmer the charge of heresy, but the attempt was defeated by the king himself, who secured the acquittal of the accused. The failure of this design did not much affect Gardiner's standing, but he damaged himself and his cause seriously by a scheme for the impeachment of Catherine Parr, which that lady had the good fortune to discover, and the skill to counterwork. On the accession of Edward VI. Gardiner experienced a serious reverse of fortune. Failing to comply with the demands of the now dominant Protestant party, he was thrown into the Tower, and kept there in close confinement till the premature death of the young king and the accession of his sister Mary completely changed the aspect of affairs. He was immediately set free, made lord chancellor, reinstated in his lost bishopric, and entrusted with the conduct of the most important affairs, both of the nation and of the queen's household. The atrocities that were perpetrated during the short but bloody reign of the new sovereign, if not directly chargeable against him, were certainly aggravated by having his sanction and countenance. Had he willed he might have prevented them, as there was no subject of the realm whose power and influence were comparable to his. He died November 12, 1555, and was buried with a more than royal magnificence.

Gardiner was a man of great practical ability. His ambition was as great as that of his quondam master Wolsey; and the height of power which he reached was inferior only to that attained by the great cardinal. In forwarding his ambitions views he made no scruple of sacrificing anything or person that stood in the way; but as soon as he found his position secure, he was careful to advance the interests of the party on whose shoulders he had risen to power. His knowledge of men, and his tact in dealing with them, were far more remarkable than his knowledge of divinity, which, however, was far from commonplace. His cunning, that treacherous quality which formed so prominent a feature in his character, was sometimes so ill concealed as to injure rather than promote his views. Such a mind as his was constitutionally vindictive; and if he did not actually take pleasure in the sight of human suffering, he proved at least by his conduct that he did not object to the use of torture as a means for furthering the interests of the Roman Catholic Church. It is said that on his deathbed the retrospect of his life and conduct filled him with horror, and that he often repeated the words, *Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro*, I have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept with Peter. His principal works are—De Vera et Falsa Obedientia, 1534; Palinodia dicti libri; A Necessary Doctrine of a Christian Man, set forth by the King's Majestie of England, 1543; An Explanation and Assertion of the true Catholic Faith, touching the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar, 1551; Confutatio Cavillationum quibus Sacrosanctum Eucharisticum Sacramentum ab impiis Copernuatis impetti solet, 1551.