a department of France, so called from the river of that name by which it is intersected. It is composed of parts of the old provinces of Gascony and Guienne; and is bounded N. by the department of Lot-et-Garonne, E. by Tarn-et-Garonne and Haute-Garonne, S. by Hautes-Pyrénées and Basses-Pyrénées, and W. by Landes. It lies between 43°17' and 44°5' N. Lat., and between 1°10'E., and 0°18' W. Long., being about 72 miles in length from E. to W., and 53 in breadth from N. to S., and having an area of 2425 square miles. This department is hilly, particularly in the south, where it is mostly covered with ramifications of the Pyrénées. Some of those in the north attain a height of nearly 1200 feet above the level of the sea, but they rapidly decrease in height towards the south. The principal of them run from N. to S., and are separated from each other by longitudinal valleys, each having its own peculiar stream. Thirty-eight water-courses mark out as many valleys of great beauty and fertility, opening in width from a few yards in the southern to three or four miles in the northern extremities. The greater part of this department belongs to the basin of the Garonne, while a small portion in the W. is drained by the Adour. The chief affluents of the former are the Save, Gimone, Arratz, Gers, and Baise; and those of the latter, the Arros, Midou, and Douze, the last two uniting and taking the name of Midouse previous to joining the Adour. None of these rivers is navigable within the department. The climate is temperate and salubrious, but very changeable. The coldest month is January, but from October to May, rain, frost, and snow are not unfrequent. In May and June the weather is warmer, and during July and August is very hot. Of this department rather more than ½ is arable, about ¼th in vineyards, ⅓th in natural pasture, ⅓th in woods and forests, ⅓th in heath and moorland, and ⅓d in rivers, ponds, and canals. The soil is not of great fertility, but is tolerably well cultivated, and the grain produced is more than sufficient for home consumption. Wheat, maize, oats, and rye, are the principal grain crops. The quantity of wine annually produced is about 24,000,000 gallons, of which about one-third is used for home consumption, and the remainder is chiefly manufactured into brandy known by the name of Armagnac. Horned cattle, sheep, mules, swine, game, and poultry, particularly ducks and geese, are abundant. The minerals and manufactures of this department are unimportant. It is divided into five arrondissements as follows:

| Canton | Commune | Pop. 1831 | |--------|---------|-----------| | Auch | | 6 | 85 | 61,925 | | Lectoure| | 5 | 72 | 51,125 | | Mirande | | 8 | 152 | 83,113 | | Condom | | 6 | 87 | 69,901 | | Lombez | | 4 | 71 | 41,415 |