capital of the foregoing government, is situated at the foot of a hill on the right bank of the Neman, 90 miles S.S.W. of Vilna. The town is irregularly built on a large uninhabited space, and the houses are mostly of wood. The streets, with the exception of two or three, are unpaved and extremely dirty. It has a spacious and handsome modern palace, built by Augustus III of Poland, and a more ancient one now uninhabitable. There are nine Roman Catholic churches, two Greek churches, a Lutheran church, and two synagogues; also a gymnasium, a riding school, and an academy of medicine, founded by Stanislaus Augustus, in connection with which are a library, museum of natural history, and a botanic garden. The manufactures are inconsiderable. Pop. (1849) 16,527.