EDMUND, an ingenious English mathematician and mechanist, was born in Hertfordshire about the year 1581. He was educated at Westminster, and afterwards at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated. Though he took holy orders in 1614, mathematics, which had been his favourite study from his youth, continued to engross his attention, and in 1619 he was chosen to the chair of astronomy in Gresham College, where he remained till his death in 1626. Of Gunter's written works the chief are his Canon Triangulorum, a table of logarithmic sines and tangents, extended to seven decimal places, and forming a sort of complement to the logarithms of natural numbers by his colleague Briggs. His practical inventions are detailed below under their respective heads.
**Gunter's Line**, a logarithmic line, usually laid down upon scales, sectors, &c. It is also called the **line of lines** and **line of numbers**; being only the logarithms graduated upon a ruler, which therefore serves to solve problems instrumentally in the same manner as logarithms do arithmetically. It is usually divided into 100 parts, every tenth of which is numbered, beginning with 1 and ending with 10; so that if the first great division, marked 1, stand for one-tenth of any integer, the next division, marked 2, will stand for two-tenths, 3 for three-tenths, and so on; and the intermediate divisions will in like manner represent hundredth parts of the same integer. If each of the great divisions represent 10 integers, then will the lesser divisions stand for integers; and if the greater divisions be supposed to be each 100, the subdivisions will be each 10.
**Use of Gunter's Line.**
1. To find the product of two numbers. From 1 extend the compasses to the multiplier; and the same extent, applied the same way from the multiplicand, will reach to the product. Thus, if the product of 4 and 8 be required, extend the compasses from 1 to 4, and that extent, laid from 8, the same way, will reach to 32, their product.
2. To divide one number by another. The extent from the divisor to unity will reach from the dividend to the quotient. Thus, to divide 36 by 4, extend the compasses from 4 to 1, and the same extent will reach from 36 to 9, the quotient sought.
3. To three given numbers, to find a fourth proportional. Suppose the numbers 6, 8, 9; extend the compasses from 6 to 8; and this extent, laid from 9 the same way, will reach to 12; the fourth proportional required.
4. To find a mean proportional between any two given numbers. Suppose 8 and 32; extend the compasses from 8, on the left-hand part of the line, to 32 on the right; then bisecting this distance, its half will reach from 8 forward, or from 32 backward, to 16, the mean proportional sought.
5. To extract the square-root of any number. Suppose 25. Bisect the distance between 1 on the scale and the point representing 25; then the half of this distance, set off from 1, will give the point representing the root 5. In the same manner the cube root, or that of any higher power, may be found by dividing the distance on the line between 1 and the given number into as many equal parts as the index of the power expresses; then one of those parts, set from 1, will find the point representing the root required.
**Gunter's Quadrant**, an instrument made of wood, brass, or other substance, containing a kind of stereographic projection of the sphere, on the plane of the equinoctial; the eye being supposed to be placed in one of the poles; so that the tropic, ecliptic, and horizon, form the arcs of circles; but the hour-circles are other curves, drawn by means of several altitudes of the sun for some particular latitude every year. This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun's azimuth, &c., and other common problems of the sphere or globe; as also to take the altitude of an object in degrees.
**Gunter's Scale** (generally called by seamen the Gunter) is a large plane scale, usually 2 feet long by about 1½ inches broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. On one side are placed the natural lines (as the line of chords, the line of sines, tangents, rhumbs, &c.), and on the other side the corresponding artificial or logarithmic ones. By means of this instrument, questions in navigation, trigonometry, &c., are solved, with the aid of a pair of compasses.
**Guntoor**, one of the districts in Hindustan, on the western side of the Bay of Bengal, called the Northern Circars. It is situated principally between the 15th and 17th degrees of N. Lat., and lies immediately N. of the Carnatic, and S. of the River Kistnah or Krishnab, which separates it from Masulipatam. It is the most southerly of the Northern Circars, and comprehends an area of about 3500 square miles, exclusively of the mountainous district on the W. This district was the jaghire of Bassalt Jung, the brother of the nizam, when Lord Clive obtained, in 1765, the Northern Circars from the Mogul, on which account he was allowed to retain it during his life; but after this it was to devolve to the Company. He died in 1782, but the country was not taken possession of by their agents till 1788. It is a low, flat country, better calculated for growing rice than the more valuable grains. Its principal seaport is Mootapilly; and its chief town is Guntoor, the population of which is estimated at 20,000. The Guntoor territory now forms one of the districts under the Madras presidency, into which the Northern Circars were divided when the present Madras judicial and revenue system was established. Guntoor, the capital, is in E. Long. 80° 30', N. Lat. 16° 18'.
**Gunwale** (pronounced gunnel), the uppermost wale of a ship or boat, or that piece of timber which finishes the upper part of the hull. The raised work above this is called the **bulwark**.
**Gurney, Elizabeth**, better known under her married name of Mrs Fry, was born in 1780 at Earlham, in Norfolk. While still a girl she was noted for the benevolence of her disposition, which manifested itself even when, on reaching womanhood, she mingled freely in the gay and brilliant society which her wealth and birth opened to her. Before her marriage, however, which took place in 1800, she had retired from the gay frivolities of the fashionable world, of which she had been so fond. Settling in London, she found there a field wide enough even for her wide sympathies. She began her career of active benevolence among the dregs of the capital, by visiting them in their disease-stricken and poverty-stricken homes, and alleviating their miseries according to their several wants. She then extended her visits to the wards of hospitals; and at last found courage to do what few other English ladies of that day could boast—to entrust herself within the precincts of a jail. She there found men, women, and children recklessly huddled together—from the comparatively innocent young girl imprisoned on suspicion of a petty theft, to the murderer awaiting his execution—and certain, if they entered the jail with no deep stain on their souls, to leave it familiarized with every known form and degree of vice and crime. The reformation that Mrs Fry accomplished in this sink of iniquity is as well known as the means she employed to effect it; and the title of "the female Howard," which rewarded her philanthropy, by no means too strongly expressed her deserts. To carry out her benevolent designs more thoroughly, she visited the principal jails in Scotland, France, Prussia, Holland, and Denmark; and, from a study of the various systems employed in these countries, obtained some valuable practical hints for the more effective working of her own schemes. The care and labour entailed upon her by her pious philanthropy proved at length too much for her enfeebled constitution, and she died, at length, of sheer exhaustion, at Ramsagate, Oct. 11, 1844. Her death was felt throughout Europe to be a loss to humanity.
**Gurwal**, a native state of Northern Hindustan, under Garwal, the protection of the British government, at the foot of the Himalaya Mountains, principally between the 30th and 31st degrees of N. Lat. The great Himalaya range separates it from Thibet on the N., on the S., it has the Deyrah Doone, on the E., the district of British Garwal, and Bussshir on the W. It comprehends an area of 4500 square miles. This country formerly included the province of Kemaon, and the district now known as British Garwal, together with the Deyrah Doone; and in 1814 the Ghoorkhias had possession of the whole tract, which extended northward to the dependencies of China. Since the country was conquered by the British, it has been distributed into distinct portions, the British government having retained possession of the Deyrah Doone, the passes of the Ganges and Jumna, at either extremity of that valley, as also the country directly eastward of the Alacananda and Mandakini; which last tract has been annexed to Kemaon, and the remainder restored to the expatriated rajah. The present boundaries, therefore, of his territories are the Alacananda, from Rudraprayag until its conjunction with the Bhagirathi, and thence to the plains by the united streams of the Ganges, and above Rudraprayag, where the Alacananda receives the Mandakini by the latter river, which has its source on the hills in the north-eastern angle of the province. This country being the commencement of the Himalaya Mountains, presents, to the southward, towards Loddong, an assemblage of hills jumbled together in many forms and directions—sometimes in chains lying parallel to each other, but of no great extent, and often connected at their termination by narrow ridges running across the valleys at right angles. The summits of all are usually narrow, and of various shapes, and the distance between each other short; and so confined are the valleys, that it is scarcely possible within their narrow limits to accommodate a corps of 1000 men. These ranges are occasionally covered with trees; others are naked and stony, affording shelter for neither birds nor beasts. On the eastern borders of this province, amongst the lower ranges of the mountains, are extensive forests of oak, holly, horse-chestnut, and fir; and beds of strawberries are also seen (denoting the temperate nature of the climate), which equal in flavour those of Europe. From Loddong to the Ganges the country forms, with very little interruption, a continued chain of woody hills, which extend eastward to an indefinite extent. The elephant abounds in these forests, but is greatly inferior in size and strength to the Chittagong elephant, on which account it is seldom domesticated. On the eastern borders there are hill pheasants among the mountains, which seldom, however, venture into the valleys, unless compelled by heavy falls of snow. A small portion of the country is only cultivated, a great proportion being left in the undisturbed possession of the wild animals. Garwal is tolerably well watered by the head streams of the Ganges. The Bhagirathi and Alacananda, whose junction forms this great river, are the largest streams in the country. The Bilhang, which falls into the Bhagirathi, the Mandakini, the Pinden, the Mandaloki, the Birke, and the Dauli, all of which join the Alacananda, may be considered as streams of the second order. Most of these streams have their sources in the Himalaya Mountains; the Dauli rises on these mountains, and is one of the remotest sources of the Ganges. None of them are fordable; and they are crossed by rope and platform bridges, at the most convenient points of communication, the rocks and stones which encumber their channel preventing the use of boats. The roads are merely footpaths, carried along the slope of a mountain in the direction of the principal streams and water-courses. Those leading to Bhafrinath are annually repaired for the accommodation of pilgrims, who congregate in great numbers at this sacred resort; but they are almost impracticable for cattle. This province abounds with celebrated places of worship, which have been held sacred for many ages, although the conversion of the inhabitants to the Brahminical faith is not of any very ancient date. Four of the five places noted for the holy junctions of rivers, and celebrated for their sanctity, are within the limits of this province.
Garwal was a dependent province on some of the neighbouring and more powerful hill states until the reign of Mohiput Shah, who declared himself independent, and built Serinagar, where he resided. His son was his successor, and he was succeeded by his uncle's son, who considerably extended the Garwal territories to the north, penetrating into Thibet, and exacting a tribute from the rajah of Deba. Garwal was subdued by the Nepalese about the year 1803; when Purdumin Shah, the rajah, an indolent and unwary prince, at the head of 12,000 men, was defeated and slain at Garudwara. On the occurrence of this event the inhabitants of Garwal discontinued all resistance to the Nepalese, who made ruthless use of their victory. After the country was conquered by the British in 1814, part of his dominions, with a revenue of L.10,000, was restored to the rajah's son. But Serinagar, the chief town, is within the territory reserved by the British; the rajah has consequently fixed his residence at Barhaut, where the details of his civil government are conducted by his own officers, and he is under the protection of the British government. The district over which he rules was estimated by the Nepalese, when they were in possession of the country, to contain 25,720 inhabitants; a very scanty population for so extensive, and in many places so fertile, a tract of country. Under later authority the population is estimated at 100,000.
GARWAL, BRITISH. See KEMAON.