a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Scotland, county of Lanark, about a mile from the junction of the Avon with the Clyde, and 10 miles S.W. of Glasgow. The town originated in the fifteenth century, under the protecting influence of the lords of Hamilton, who constituted a place called the Orchard, between this point and the Clyde, the principal messuage of the barony, and which is still the chief seat of the Hamilton family. In 1451, a collegiate church was founded in the vicinity; but in 1732, the new church was built.

The town of Hamilton occupies a rising ground, commanding fine views of a rich and highly picturesque country, and consists of several streets of well-built houses, somewhat irregularly dispersed. The proprietors, alive to the value of their grounds for feeding purposes, have published various competing plans for villas. This, together with its ready access with Glasgow by railway (half-an-hour's ride), and the amenity of the locality, are rapidly converting Hamilton into a suburb of Glasgow. The staples of trade are silks and cambrics. Many of the females are engaged in tambour or sewed muslin work. Both coal and ironstone are found in the parish, and are largely wrought. It is governed by a provost, two bailies, and twelve councillors; and unites with Airdrie, Linlithgow, Falkirk, and Lanark, in returning a member to parliament. Dr Cullen, Professor Millar of Glasgow, Dr Matthew Baillie, and his sister Joanna Baillie, were natives of Hamilton. Pop. (1851) 9630; registered electors 300. Market-day, Friday.

Immediately east of the town is Hamilton Palace, the seat of the Duke of Hamilton, premier peer of Scotland. The pleasure-grounds around the mansion comprise nearly 1500 acres. The present palace was commenced in 1822, and consists of a large elegant building in the style of the Temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome. The interior is highly decorated; and contains one of the most valuable collections of paintings in Scotland. Within the policies, on the summit of a precipitous rock, 200 feet in height, the foot of which is washed by the Avon, stand the ruins of Cadzow Castle, the original seat of the Hamilton family. It was conferred on the chief of that family immediately after the battle of Bannockburn, having been previously a royal residence for at least two centuries. In the park attached to the castle are still preserved some of the old Scotch breed of wild cattle; they are milk-white in colour, excepting their muzzles, horns, and boofs, which are black.

town of Upper Canada, beautifully situated on Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario. It is well laid out, and contains some fine public buildings, among which are two market-houses, a custom-house, post-office, and theatre. Being the capital of the district of Gore, it is the seat of the court and public offices for the district. Hamilton was founded in 1813, and incorporated in 1833. In 1844 it had 5669 inhabitants, and in 1852, 14,112, while in 1854 they were estimated at about 20,000. See Canada, vol. vi., pp. 135-44-52, &c.

Anthony, Count, author of the Memoirs Hamilton, of Count Gramont, was a cadet of the noble Scottish family of that name, and was born in Ireland about 1646. He was educated in France, but after the Restoration passed over to London, where he met the Chevalier, afterwards Count de Gramont. This nobleman, temporarily banished from the French court, fell in love with Hamilton's sister, and engaged to marry her. As soon as his term of exile had expired he set out for Paris, neglecting to fulfil his engagement. Anthony and a younger brother of the bride took horse, and overtaking the fugitive at Dover, asked him if he had forgotten nothing in London. "Pardon, gentlemen," said the Count, "I forgot to marry your sister." He returned, and the ceremony was performed. Hamilton made frequent voyages to France to see his sister and her husband; and on one of these occasions was chosen by Louis XIV. to figure in Quinault's ballet of the Triomphe de l'Amour. Exiled with James II., who had warmly befriended him on account of his attachment to the Catholic religion, he spent the remainder of his days at St Germain, where he wrote his delightful works, and where he died in 1720, at the age of about seventy-four.

Of Hamilton's works, the best and the best remembered is his Memoires de Gramont. It is indeed the cleverest book of its class in existence. Though no one who reads it can fail to see its frivolity, it is impossible to lay it aside without reading on to the end. The pictures of the court of Charles II., which it contains, are like the best pieces of Boucher. Expressing almost nothing, they yet possess charms and attractions denied to the far more ambitious efforts of greater minds. Though the grossest indelicacy is often hid by a mere veil of gauze, and is thus doubly dangerous, especially to the young reader, there is yet a grace, a truth to nature, and a gaiety in the work that make it one of the most pleasant, as it certainly is one of the most valuable records of the dissolute court of the Restoration. Hamilton's other works, once much in vogue, are now forgotten. There have been many editions of the Memoirs both in France and England. One of the rarest is that printed by Horace Walpole at the Strawberry Hill press, of which only 100 copies were thrown off; better still is the London edition of 1792; but best of all is that of 1811, with sixty-three portraits, and many notes and illustrations, some of which are said to have been furnished by Sir W. Scott. One of the best editions is that of Paris in 4 vols. Svo, 1812, or 5 vols. in 18mo, 1913.

Hamilton, Elizabeth, the author of some admirable novels and educational works, was born at Belfast in Ireland, of parents of Scottish extraction. Of her personal history little is known. She seems to have been a governess in the family of a Scottish nobleman, and to have written to the eldest of her pupils, her Letters on the formation of the Religious and Moral Principle. She died after a painful illness at Harrogate, July 23, 1816. After her death a very well written notice of her literary life and labours appeared in the Monthly Magazine for Sept. 1816, which was attributed on good grounds to Miss Edgeworth.

Of all Miss Hamilton's works the best known, though not the most valuable, is her novelette, entitled the Cotagers of Glenburnie. In this work she describes with graphic force and effect the manners of the lower grades of the Scottish rural population of her day. The filth, self-complacency, laziness, and contentedness of the loungish sluggards that figure in that story are so humorously, so truly, and withal so kindly described, that the book soon gained and still enjoys a wide popularity, and has been really useful in stimulating a great social reformation. Her other leading works are the following, which we give in chronological order:—Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 1796; Modern Philosophers, 1800, a kind of satire on the admirers of the French Revolution, and the dangerous absurdities of their doctrines when carried out to their legitimate conclusions; Letters on the Elementary Principles of Hamiltonian Education, 1801-2; Life of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, 1804; Exercises in Religious Knowledge, 1809; Popular Essays, 1813. The most valuable though not the best known of her works, is her Letters on Education, in which she applies to education, and brings within the compass of general comprehension the metaphysics of the question, which before her time had seemed reserved for philosophers only. In the words of Miss Edgeworth, she "shows how the doctrine of the association of ideas may be applied in early education to the formation of the habits, of temper, and to the principles of taste and morals; she has considered how all that metaphysicians know of secretion, abstraction, &c., can be applied to the cultivation of the judgment and the imaginations of children. No matter how little is actually ascertained on these subjects, she has done much in wakening the attention of parents, and of mothers especially, to future inquiry. She has done much by directing their inquiries rightly; much by exciting them to reflect upon their own minds, and to observe what passes in the minds of their children."

Hamilton, Gavin, a distinguished Scottish painter, was born at Lanark in the course of the first half of the eighteenth century. At an early age he was sent to Rome, where he studied art under Massucci. The highest qualities of a great painter—invention, purity, and correctness of style, and the secret of colour, he undoubtedly lacked. No small part of his merit lies in his choice of subject, to which he was helped by his fine taste and his deep knowledge of classical literature. His best pieces are designs from the Iliad, such as "Achilles beside the dead body of Patroclus;" "Andromache bewailing the death of Hector;" "Helen and Paris." Hamilton, however, has rendered greater services to art by his discoveries of precious fragments of ancient monuments than by his direct contributions to it. The latter part of his life was devoted to researches of this kind, which he prosecuted in various parts of the Roman States, but especially at Civita Vecchia, Velletri, Ostia, and above all at Hadrian's Villa, at Tivoli. The statues, busts, and bas-reliefs found by him form the most interesting portion of the Museo Clementino after the treasures of the Belvidere. Many collections in England, Germany, and Russia, owe their chief ornaments to his labours. To one of the best of these—the Townley Gallery—Hamilton contributed a large number of valuable marbles, a list of which is given in the Townley Gallery, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Fuseli, giving expression to the feelings of all who knew Hamilton, declares that however great his talents may have been, they were far surpassed by the generosity, benevolence, and humanity of his character. The only work known to have proceeded from his pen is his Schola Italica Picturae, Rome, 1773, in which he traces the progress of the different styles of the Italian school from Da Vinci down to the Caracci.