an island in the South Pacific, about 400 miles W. of the coast of Chile, in S. Lat. 33° 40', and W. Long. 79'. It is about 15 miles long by 6 broad, and contains an area of nearly 65 square miles. The coast line is much indented, and the shores generally abrupt. On the north side the mountain called *El Yunque*, from its resemblance to an anvil, attains an elevation of 3000 feet above the sea level. The surface of Fernandez is irregular, with a general declination from N. to S. Its climate is agreeable, the island being neither visited with tempestuous winds nor exposed to the extremes of heat or cold. Little rain falls, but copious dew prevents any injury to vegetation from drought. The valleys on the N. are well sheltered, and a fine black vegetable mould forms the soil. The rocks of the island are either basaltic, trap, or volcanic, and are much disturbed by earthquakes. The soil produces oats, turnips, radishes, apples, strawberries, melons, peaches, figs, sandal-wood, and cork; while off the coast fish of every kind abound, and seals are plentiful. The only quadrupeds, however, that live on the island have been exported thither by accident or otherwise.

Juan Fernandez is only of importance as a calling place for vessels, forming a convenient stage for those sailing between Chile and Australia as well as for those coming round Cape Horn, for Lima or California. Very good water may be had on the island, and also fruits in considerable variety. There are in all three harbours, namely, Port English on the S.E. side, Port Juan on the W., and Cumberland Bay on the N.E. Of these the last is the safest and the only convenient one, having, it is said, 10 fathoms of water at two cables length from the shore, and plenty of fresh water at the head of the bay.

The history of Juan Fernandez is necessarily associated with the events which happened during the exploratory navigations of the Pacific. The island long formed a resting place for the early Spanish and English navigators in these waters. The time of its discovery and the name of the first European who sighted its shores are subjects of doubt. It is certain, however, that one Juan Fernandez visited and gave his name to the island. The advantages which this island afforded for repairing and victualling, rendered it a principal resort of the buccaneers in that part; and, in order to deprive them of supplies, the Spaniards landed a number of Chilean greyhounds on the island for the purpose of exterminating the goats, which were thus driven to the steep and inaccessible elevations. About the year 1750 the Spanish government established a colony here, consisting of civilians, and a small garrison; but the settlement had hardly been established when it was destroyed by an earthquake, the sea having risen and overwhelmed the houses and carried off 35 persons, among whom were the governor, his wife, and children. This convulsion was also severely felt in Chile and Peru.

During the War of Independence in Chile which lasted from the year 1811 to 1818, Fernandez was used by the royalists and republicans respectively, according to the party in power, as a penal settlement for political offenders, and continued in the hands of the Chilean republic after the termination of that strife. The small penitentiary that remained in the island was, however, all but totally destroyed by the earthquake of 1835, and the Chilean government, after making another vain endeavour to colonise it, gave up the attempt and ultimately withdrew the garrison. It then remained unoccupied for a considerable time, until an adventurer from the United States rented the island from Chile and colonized it. This also was unsuccessful, and the settlement broke up. Of late years the occupants have been few in number, amounting to from ten to twenty, who live in rudely constructed huts not far from the sea shore, depending on the natural produce of the soil and on the seal fishing; they also earn small sums of money by supplying the ships with fresh provisions. The advantages possessed by Juan Fernandez as a calling station for vessels have been considerably overrated. Its proximity to the port of Valparaiso is a sufficient reason for shipping bound for Chile not breaking their voyage at the island, except in cases of emergency; while vessels outward bound would have still less occasion to anchor in Cumberland Bay, only 400 miles from the point of departure.

It is well known that here Alexander Selkirk, a Scotsman, lived alone for more than five years; and it is generally believed that the narrative of his sojourn formed the foundation on which Daniel Defoe reared his celebrated work of *Robinson Crusoe*.

About 70 miles W. of Juan Fernandez is the island called Fernandez de Afuera (to seaward), with precipitous shores, on which there is always a high surf.

**JUBA I.**, the son of Hiempal, king of Numidia, succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, about B.C. 50. In the civil wars of Rome he espoused the cause of Pompey, induced both by a spirit of political conservatism, and by hatred to Caesar, with whom he had quarrelled violently when young. He gained a signal victory at Utica over Curio, Caesar's lieutenant in Africa, and barbarously put to death all the prisoners that fell into his hands. When the Pompeian party was overthrown at Pharsalia, Juba still continued faithful to the cause, raised large masses of troops to check the conqueror's passage through Africa, and at one time reduced him to great straits. Joining his forces to those of Scipio and Cato, he encountered Caesar at Thapsus. The allied army was utterly routed, and Juba fled for refuge to his own dominions. A rebellion had broken out among his subjects in his absence, and Juba, in despair, put an end to his life. His kingdom was reduced into the form of a province, of which the historian Sallust was the first governor. Juba plays a conspicuous part in Addison's tragedy of *Cato*, with whose destiny his own had latterly been linked.

**JUBA II.**, the son of Juba I., was, after his father's death, carried captive by Caesar to Rome. He was there carefully educated, and, according to Plutarch, "soon equalled, in learning and knowledge, the wisest philoso- phers of Greece and Rome." Identifying himself with the cause of Augustus, he fought on his side, and was rewarded for his valour with the kingdom of Mauritania. He cultivated the arts of peace, and made himself so much beloved by his subjects that they ranked him among their gods, and raised numerous statues in his honour. He married Selene, or Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony and the Egyptian Cleopatra. Coins and medals commemorating their reign are still extant. Juba's learning was attested by historical writings, which were held in high repute, and were frequently quoted by such men as Pliny and Plutarch as ultimate authorities on many points. They were written in Greek, and, so far as is known, comprised the History of Africa, in which he made use of the Punic authorities accessible to him, and thus greatly enhanced their value; The Antiquities of Assyria and Rome; The History of Arabia, with Notes on its Natural History; The History of Painting and Painters; A History of Theatres, of which some fragments have been preserved; an Essay on the Source of the Nile. The body of these works has been completely lost, but enough of them has been preserved in quotation to show that their loss was really to be regretted. A detailed account of the life and writings of Juba by the Abbé Sévin, is preserved in the Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions, vol. iv., p. 457.