(the ancient Idunum), a town in the Austrian province of Styria, capital of a cognominal circle, on the Mur, 38 miles W. of Grätz. In the middle ages it carried on an important trade with Germany and Italy, but at present it has scarcely any trade, and its chief manufactures are gunpowder and ironware. On 7th April 1757, an armistice was signed here between the French and Austrians. Pop. about 2000.

**JUGDULUK,** a village of Afghanistan, in the defiles between Jalabad and Cabool, 5375 feet above the level of the sea, in N. Lat. 34° 25', E. Long. 69° 46'. It was one of the principal scenes of the massacre of the British troops retreating from Cabool in the beginning of 1842.

**JUGGERNATH,** properly Jagatnatia (the Lord of the World), a celebrated temple and place of Hindu worship, on the sea-coast of Orissa, and district of Cuttack, esteemed the most sacred of all the Hindu religious establishments. It is situated a few miles to the N.E. of the Chilika Lake, close to the sea shore, and when seen from a distance is a shapeless mass of building, but forms an excellent landmark for navigators in approaching so low a coast. The temple of Juggernaut stands within a square area inclosed by a lofty stone wall measuring 650 feet on a side. The inclosure is entered on the E. by a grand gateway, from which a broad flight of steps gives access to a terrace 20 feet in height, inclosed by a second wall 445 feet square. From this platform the great pagoda rises to the height of about 180 feet from the platform. At the gate of the outward wall are two large statues of singhas, an imaginary or fabulous animal, nearly as large as an elephant. Juggernaut is said to be one of the incarnations of Vishnu; but the original dedication of the temple is involved in fable. It is known to have existed for above 800 years, and is mentioned as a celebrated place of Hindu worship by the oldest Mohammedan historians of India. The idol itself is a huge disgusting image of the human form, made of wood, with a frightful black visage, and a distended mouth foaming with blood. On each side of him is another image, one part of which is painted white, and the other yellow; the first is said to be the image of his sister Shubudra, the other that of his brother Balaram. The throne of the idol is placed on a stupendous car or moveable tower about 60 feet high, resting on wheels, which, from the weight, indent the ground deeply as they move along. Formerly devotees threw themselves under the wheels, and were crushed to death, but these horrible deeds are now prohibited by the British government. The tower is drawn along by the people by means of ropes, amidst the shouts of the ignorant multitude; and upon the car are the priests and attendants. The concourse of Hindu pilgrims to this shrine is immense; the aged come to die at Juggernaut; and so numerous are these pilgrims, that the approach to it is known at the distance of 50 miles by the quantity of human bones strewed on the way. The impurity of the Hindu idolatry is strongly indicated by the indecent sculptures that cover the walls of the temple and the sides of the machine.

The resort of Hindu pilgrims to Juggernaut is the source of a considerable revenue; and the British, by the conquest of the province of Cuttack from the Mahrattas in 1803, had succeeded to all their rights as sovereigns, and consequently to the right of collecting this tax on the superstition of the inhabitants. The pilgrim tax thus became a regular source of revenue to the East India Company. At home the measure was disapproved by the Court of Directors, but the president of the Board of Control, Mr Dundas, took a different view; and, through his influence, a despatch was framed, to the effect that, as the tax on pilgrims had been levied under Mohammedan and Mahratta governments, there did not appear any objection to its continuance under the British government. In 1839, under the administration of Lord Auckland, the subject came again under notice, when arrangements were made for the abolition of the pilgrim tax, and shortly after the British government wholly disconnected itself from idolatrous worship. It is a circumstance for congratulation that the government has thus purged itself from a foul scandal, which lowered its character and impaired its usefulness. The superintendence of the temple is now exercised by the rajah of Khoordah, who is forbidden to receive any payments from pilgrims except such as may be voluntarily offered. One of the chief periods of pilgrimage is in March, when the Dole Jatra takes place; and the other in July, when the Ruth Jatra is celebrated. Distant S.W. from Calcutta 250 miles. E. Long. 86° 5'. N. Lat. 19° 49'.

**JUGURTHA,** the Numidian usurper, occupies a prominent place in the history of Rome, not only from the greatness of his own exploits, but as having furnished the subject of one of the most masterly pieces of historical writing that antiquity has handed down to modern times. He was born shortly before the middle of the second century B.C. He was the illegitimate child of Massinissa, king of Numidia. He was brought up by his uncle, Micipsa, and at an early age gave signs of that warlike, intriguing, and ambitious spirit which enabled him for some years to defy the generals and armies of Rome itself. In the hope that he might fall in battle, Micipsa gave him the command of the troops which he was sending into Spain to help the Romans in the Numantine war. Jugurtha distinguished himself greatly, and returning home in safety at the end of the war, was adopted by Micipsa, and named joint-heir with his own sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal. Micipsa died soon after, and Jugurtha, Julian Calendar

Julianus, aspiring to the undivided sovereignty, caused Hiempsal to be murdered, and Adherbal only escaped the same fate by a timely flight to Rome, where he laid his case before the senate. A commission was appointed to decide upon the claims of the rivals. By means of unscrupulous bribery Jugurtha secured the largest and best portion of his uncle's kingdom. Scarcely had peace been restored, when Jugurtha invaded his cousin's territory, defeated him in the open field, shut him up in Cirta, his capital, and having taken that city by storm, cruelly put him to death. This outrage excited great indignation at Rome, and war was immediately declared against the usurper. Partly by a desperate resistance, partly by skilful bribery, Jugurtha foiled the generals opposed to him, and was by them confirmed in possession of the whole realm of Numidia. The senate refused to sanction this arrangement, and Jugurtha repaired to Rome under the public guarantee to plead his cause in person before the senate. Unstinted bribery was as effective now as ever, and he practically gained his case by prevailing on the senate to suspend judgment altogether. This success encouraged him to fresh outrages. Hearing that his cousin Massira was plotting to supplant him on the Numidian throne, he caused him to be assassinated. The murder was traced to him; but as he had come to Italy under the public guarantee, it was impossible to punish him in Rome. He was immediately ordered out of Italy. On quitting the city, he is said to have looked back upon it, and to have apostrophized it as "venalis, et mature peritura si imperium inveniet." War was now formally declared, B.C. 111, and the campaign opened disastrously for the Romans. Aulus Posthumius was surprised, surrounded, and, with his whole army, sent under the yoke. Metellus, the new consul, next took the field with fresh troops, and prosecuted the war with great vigour. Bribery was offered to him in vain by his wily adversary, who was speedily reduced to desperate straits. Caius Marius next took the command; but Jugurtha, aided by the Mauritanian Bocchus, still continued to make head against this terrible foe. Town after town fell into the hands of Marius, and a bloody pitched battle at last laid Africa at his feet. Bocchus temporized, and, as the price of his own safety, delivered up his ally to the Romans. Jugurtha was carried to Rome, where, after decking the triumph of Marius, he was thrown into the Mamertine prison, and cruelly put to death, B.C. 106. (Salust's Jugurtha; Plutarch's Life of Marius; Diodorus Siculus, Fragm., vol. x., p. 141.)