a tract of country in Upper India, lying, as the word Dooab implies, between two rivers, which, in this case, are the Beas and the Sutlej. It has an area of about 374 square miles. This territory came into British possession during the earlier operations against the Sikhs, and was permanently retained as a portion of the British dominions under the Treaty of Lahore, concluded in March 1846, whereby the Maharajah of the Punjab ceded to the East India Company, in perpetual sovereignty, all his territory between the Beas and the Sutlej. The tract is situated between the 31st and 33rd degrees of N. Latitude.

JULIUS I. succeeded Marcus on the papal throne A.D. 337. It was during his pontificate that the church was embroiled by the Arian heresy. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, driven from his see by the Eusebians, had repaired to Rome to defend himself from the charges brought against him by them. Julius received him with honour; and, in a council held at Rome in 342, but which the Eusebians refused to attend, the deposed bishop was held to have completely cleared himself. The Eusebians complained, and another council was held at Sardica in Illyria. This council likewise they refused to attend; and Athanasius was again acquitted. The two parties then mutually excommunicated each other, the Eastern faction being peculiarly indignant at Julius, whom they accused of being the author of the whole evil. Another cause of their bitter feeling seems to have been that the council invested the bishop of Rome with the power of arbitrating on matters relating to the deposition of a bishop. After a pontificate of fifteen years, Julius died in 352. Two letters of his are extant, both bearing upon the affair of Athanasius. Some others have been spurious ascribed to him.

JULIUS II., one of the greatest of all the successors of St Peter, came to the throne on the death of Pius III. in Nov. 1503. He was the nephew of Sixtus IV., but his own parents were obscure and poor persons in the little town of Abizal, near Savona. Entering the church and occupying successively the sees of Carpentras, Ostia, Albano, Bologna, and Avignon, he had reached all but the highest grade in the church as Cardinal della Rovere. From an early age he had taken an active part in all the political movements of that stirring age. Few of his contemporaries were so well able as he, either to read or to control the signs of the times; and he was likened to Virgil's Neptune lifting his serene head above the billows, and calming their fury with a glance. His keen sagacity pierced into the inner core of men. His mind was capable of forming vast designs, while his intellect, fertility of resource, and indomitable will enabled him to give them practical effect. These qualities, combined with a boundless ambition, a courage which nothing could daunt, and an insatiable passion for war, went to form a character apparently better adapted to lead great armies, or govern a great state, than to diffuse and maintain peace and good-will among men. The great idea of his life, as soon as he assumed the tiara, was to enlarge the territorial domains of the church. This aim he always kept steadily in view, and before his death he could boast that he had laid the foundations of such a power as never pope before him had possessed. His first step was to rid himself of Caesar Borgia, whose crimes, passions, and power had long made his name a watchword of terror in Rome. Julius was dexterous enough to drive this scourge of the country out of his dukedom and possessions in the Romagna; but he found that his claims to the conquered lands were contested by the Venetians who had seized Ravenna, Rimini, and other important places. They were determined to keep them at all hazards, and Julius was far too weak to cope with them in war unaided. It was to no purpose that they offered to do him homage and pay him tribute for what they looked upon as their lawful conquests. The pope refused to content himself with anything short of their unconditional surrender of these cities and lands to the church, as represented in his own person. The Venetians were obstinate Julius III., and Julius organized against them, in 1508, the celebrated "League of Cambrai," by which the Emperor Maximilian of Germany, Louis XII. of France, and the Duke of Ferrara, bound themselves to blot out the republic of Venice from the map of Europe, and parcel out its dependencies among them. But the pope, resolute as he was to assert his rights to the hereditary possessions of the church, had no desire to see either French or Germans (or, as he called them, "the barbarians") secure a permanent foothold in the Italian peninsula. No sooner, therefore, had he vindicated his ancestral rights, and been confirmed in his conquests of Parma, Piacenza, and Reggio, than he concluded peace with Venice, which, after a disastrous war of two years, was ready to listen to his overtures. To rid Italy of the "barbarians," he tried to sow the seeds of discord between the French and Germans. Foiled in this attempt, he called in the Swiss to his aid, and with their help took the field in person against the French in Lombardy. In 1511 he laid siege to the town of Mirandola, took it, and caused himself to be drawn over the frozen trenches, and through the breach into the ruins. The summer campaign was less prosperous, and was marked by the loss of Bologna to the pope. In the autumn, however, he formed what he was pleased to call a "holy" league with the Swiss and Venetians, and the kings of Spain and England. The allied troops took the field in the following year. Under their cruel but able general Gaston de Foix, the French made a most gallant resistance; but in the desperate fight of Ravenna they were utterly routed. Their commander was killed, and the relics of the army were speedily driven across the frontier into their own country. But though he had thus rid himself of the French, he had little reason to pride himself on his success. Italy was as full as ever of "barbarians"—the motley armies of Spain, Switzerland, and Germany,—who took upon themselves to remodel the internal constitution of such of the Italian states as were in their power. Julius did not live to see all the evils which his policy entailed on his country, as he died after a brief illness, Feb. 21, 1513. But he witnessed the overthrow of the Florentine republic, and the beginnings of other changes well calculated to fill with gloomy forebodings a mind so acutely alive as his to the political tendencies of the age.

Though Julius left no literary record of his genius, he was a warm and enlightened patron of literature and the fine arts. He treated with marked honour the leading scholars of that age, Bembo, Castiglione, Flaminio, and others, and enriched the library of the Vatican with many rare and precious books and MSS. He gave full scope to the genius of Bramante, and with his own hand laid the foundation of the new church of St Peter, which that architect had planned. Michael Angelo and Raphael owed their early fame to his patronage. Perugino reached in his pontificate the acme of his renown, and Leonardo da Vinci then first came forward to share with Michael Angelo the suffrages of the world. The reign of Julius in short was the golden dawn of that day which reached its splendid noon under Leo X.

JULIUS III., Cardinal del Monte, whose family name was Giocei, succeeded Paul III. in 1550. One of his first acts was to recommence the sittings of the Council of Trent, which had been discontinued under his predecessor. A silly quarrel between him and Ottavio Farnese, involved France and the Empire in a bloody war. One of its consequences was another suspension of the Council of Trent; for which Julius was secretly very thankful, as the debates had threatened to be troublesome and complicated. The closing of the council seems to have been the last act of his public life. The remainder of his days were spent in an imbecile and immoral self-indulgence. He died in 1555, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and sixth of his pontificate.