chief town of the above canton, lies at the N.W. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, at the point where the River Reuss, which divides the city, issues forth from the lake. It is exceedingly picturesque, and is walled in towards the land, and surrounded by a series of watch-towers, erected in 1885. Its chief peculiarity, however, is its covered bridges which span the Reuss, and are ingeniously ornamented with curious pictures. The lowest, or Mill Bridge, is hung with paintings, now nearly obliterated, of the "Dance of Death;" the upper, or Kapellbrücke, has 77 pictures suspended from its timbers, illustrative, on the one side, of the pious acts of the patron saints of the place, and, on the other, of memorable incidents in Swiss history. The longest bridge, the Hofbrücke, was removed in 1852, and the only uncovered one is Reussbrücke, which is passable for carriages. The town is clean and well built, and is situate amid exquisitely beautiful scenery, on the margin of the finest of the Swiss lakes, between the magnificent heights of Pilate and Rigi. Its principal public buildings are—a cathedral, an Ursuline convent, a town-hall, an arsenal with ancient armour and trophies taken at Sempach, &c., a large town hospital, a poor-house, an orphan asylum, a jail, and a theatre. It has a lyceum with 14 professors, to which an excellent public school is attached. The educational establishments of Lucerne are highly spoken of for their efficiency. The most interesting monument connected with the place is that in a garden outside the city walls, erected to the Swiss guards, who fell at Paris in 1792, while defending the Tuileries. It was designed by Thorwaldsen, and executed by Ahorn of Constance. "It represents a lion of colossal size, wounded to death, with a spear sticking in his side, yet endeavouring in his last gasp to protect from injury a shield bearing the fleur-de-lis of the Bourbons, which he holds in his paws. The figure, hewn out of the living sandstone rock is 28 feet long and 18 high; and whether as a tribute to fallen valour, or as a work of art of admirable design and no mean execution, it merits the highest praise" (Murray's Hand-book). Lucerne is not a place of any considerable manufactures; the chief are cabinet-work, and silk and cotton fabrics. It has some transit trade, however, and it finds a market for its principal fabrics in Italy. There is a railway nearly open to Aarberg on the road to Basle. Pop. 10,068, of whom 300 are Protestants.
Lucerne, Lake of, in the centre of Switzerland, called in German Vierwaldstättersee, or "The Lake of the Four Forest Cantons," from its being inclosed by the cantons of Schwytz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Lucerne, is considered to be the grandest in Europe in point of scenery. It is the largest lake in Switzerland, and its surface is about 1400 feet above sea-level. It inclines to a cruciform shape, but is very irregular. Its extreme length is 244 miles, and its average breadth 3 miles; in depth it varies from 300 to 900 feet. All varieties of scenery are to be met with on its shores, from soft beauty to stern grandeur and sublimity. In the latter respect, the farther end of it, called the Bay of Uri, is unsurpassed. Many of the scenes in Schiller's Wilhelm Tell are localized around this lake. The violent storms to which it is exposed render its navigation dangerous. Steamers ply several times a day during summer between Lucerne and Flüelen, and other parts on the shores of the lake.
Lucia, Sr., one of the British West India Islands, Windward group, lying about 30 miles S. of Martinique, in N. Lat. 13° 50', W. Long. 60° 58'. It is 32 miles in length from N. to S., by 12 in extreme breadth, and has an area of about 235 square miles, or 150,000 acres. It is longitudinally divided by a chain of mountains generally from 1200 to 1800, and in some cases to 2000 feet high, densely clothed with the finest timber. These are of volcanic formation, and assume the most fantastic forms, abounding in deep chasms and pointed eminences. From either side of this chain branches of lesser altitude go off towards the coast, forming plains and valleys of various sizes. At its southern extremity are two mountains of volcanic origin, called the Sugar Loaves, which rise nearly perpendicularly from the sea in the form of parallel cones to the height of about 2700 feet. They are covered with evergreen foliage, and mark the entrance into the deep and beautiful bay of Soufrière. The valleys throughout the island, as well as the plains upon the coast, are fertile, being well watered by numerous streams, and are under good cultivation. The island is divided into two territories,—Basseterre, the low or leeward portion, which is well cultivated and the most populous, though the prevalence of stagnant waters and morasses renders the climate very unhealthy; and Capisterre, the high or windward territory, which is also very unhealthy, but is becoming less so as the wood on the high lands is being cleared away. The climate is very moist, as the trees on the mountains attract the clouds, and hence render the island subject to frequent and heavy rains for nine or ten months in the year. The quantity of rain that St Lucian fell in 1851 amounted to 94 inches, and in that year the thermometer ranged from 71° to 83° Fahr.
The extent of land under each description of crop in 1854 and the three preceding years was—
| Year | Acres | |------|-------| | 1851 | 8,015 | | 1852 | 3,663 | | 1853 | 3,489 | | 1854 | 3,290 |
The quantities of various articles produced in each of the above years were—
| Article | Quantity | |-----------|----------| | Sugar | lbs. 6,691,500 | | Coffee | 18,620 | | Cocoa | 15,143 | | Rum | gallons 44,058 | | Molasses | 159,540 |
The quantities and value of articles exported in 1854 were—
| Articles | Quantities | Value | |-------------------|------------|-------| | Cocoa | lbs. 148,983 | Ll.1,491 | | Goods, Brit. | packages 361 | Ll.1,417 | | Liqueurs | tons 1,093 | Ll.1,308 | | Molasses | galls. 116,450 | Ll.1,294 | | Rice | cwt. 40 | Ll.1,294 | | Rum | galls. 14,904 | Ll.1,294 | | Sugar, Muscovado | cwt. 50,242 | Ll.1,294 | | Other articles | | Ll.1,294 |
Total value Ll.55,836
The total value of imports in 1854 (principally articles of British manufacture, flour, dried fish, butter, live stock, lumber, salted meat, olive-oil, wine, rice, and tobacco), was Ll.96,309; being Ll.41,996 from United Kingdom, Ll.27,880 from British colonies, and Ll.26,433 from foreign states.
The net amount of the general revenue in 1854 was Ll.14,098; being custom duties on imports, Ll.6482, on tonnage, Ll.744, assessed and other taxes, Ll.6872. The net expenditure for that year was Ll.13,565. The total population in 1854 was 24,123, of whom 430 were male and 517 female whites, 11,081 male and 12,995 female persons of colour. The births, deaths, and marriages were respectively 1069, 2494, and 906. The great number of deaths in that year was principally caused by the cholera; the average of the four previous years being only about 430. This plague had also great influence on the number of marriages, which in that year was more than quadruple the usual annual average. The chief town of the island is Castries, which contains about 3000 persons.
St Lucia was first colonized by English settlers in 1639, but these were soon after driven off by the Caribs. About 1650 the French effected a settlement, and from that time to 1803, when it was finally captured by the English, it belonged alternately to France and England. The government is administered by the commanding officer of the troops, a lieutenant-governor, and an executive council, consisting of the colonial secretary, the attorney-general, and the second military officer. There is also a legislative council, composed of five official and five non-official members, in which the colonial secretary and attorney-general have seats and votes, and of which the commanding officer is president. The laws of St Lucia, except in so far as they have been altered by orders of council, are the laws of France, antecedent to the Code Napoleon.
Lucian, Sr., a learned presbyter of Antioch, said to have been born at Samosata, the birthplace of the celebrated satirist of the same name, about the middle of the second century after Christ. Among the old ecclesiastical writers we find him assigned a distinguished place for his learning and piety. Enaeius (Hist. Eccles., viii. 13) speaks admiringly of his "unblemished character;" and Jerome (De Viris Illustr., cap. lxxvii.) bears a similar testimony. The latter writer refers to him as "labourious in the study of the Scriptures;" so much so, that not only was his revised edition of the Septuagint used by the churches from Constantinople to Antioch, but this corrected version of the Old Testament was known by the name of Lucian. Jerome also speaks of him as the author of several epistles and theological tracts; and we find in Socrates (Hist. Eccles., lib. ii., c. 10) an extant confession of faith drawn up by Lucian's hand. He died a martyr in the reign of Diocletian, A.D. 311, and was buried at Heleopolis, in Bithynia.
There is not a little obscurity, and a great deal of consequent dispute, respecting the views held by Lucian on the doctrine of the Trinity. Some have maintained that the absence of any allusion to his opinions on this point by Jerome and Athanasius, and the respect in which he was held by the Trinitarian fathers, afford a sufficient refutation of the charge of heterodoxy brought against the martyr of Antioch. Others, again, on the strength of the testimony of Epiphanius and Philostorgius, who allege that Arianism and Lucianism were all but synonymous, are inclined to hold that the presbyter was a heretic. There are those, again, who maintain a middle course, and favour the opinion that Lucian's views were not quite orthodox, insomuch as Alexander (in Theodoret, Hist. Eccles., lib. i., c. 4) says that three successive bishops of the Catholic Church excluded him for advocating the doctrines of Paul of Samosata. It is, however, generally believed that he returned to the bosom of the church before his death.
A great deal of confusion respecting the opinions of this eminent scholar and truly pious man has obviously arisen by confounding him with another Lucian, a follower of Marcion, and the author of numerous forgeries, such as the History of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary; the Persecution, or Gospel of James; the Gospel of Nicodemus, &c. This individual is termed by Epiphanius, Lucian the Elder (Her., xliii., c. I.) Some call him Lucan, others Lucius and Leucius, &c. That the creed of the latter Lucian was heretical there is no doubt; but how far he has been confounded with his namesake of better reputation it is impossible to determine.