a town of Italy, Papal States, delegation of Ferrara, and 32 miles S.S.E. of the town of that name. It is situated in a plain about midway between the Senio and Santemo rivers, and is supposed to occupy the site of *Lucus Diana*. It carries on an important trade, and has a large annual fair, which lasts from the 1st to the 19th of September. Lugo was sacked and nearly destroyed by the French in 1796. Pop. 9500.

province of Spain, one of the four into which the ancient kingdom of Galicia has been divided, is situate on the coast of the Atlantic, between N. Lat. 42° 22' and 43° 47'; W. Long. 6° 52' and 8° 4'; bounded E. by the provinces of Oviedo and Leon, W. by those of Pontevedra and Coruna, S. by the province of Orense, and N. by the sea. It has a coast of about 40 miles in length from Ribadeo to Cape Bares, extremely rugged, and inaccessible to all but fishing boats. Such ports as there are—Ribadeo, Rilo, Foz, San Ciprian—are of small capacity and depth, and obstructed by bars; while the mountains close behind are barren and almost impassable. The province is generally mountainous, especially in the N. and E. The highest summit, that called Rico de Peña Rubia, has an elevation of 6088 feet above sea-level. Inclosed are a great number of fertile valleys; in that of Miranda, on the left bank of the Eo, are cultivated not only the cereals, but also fruit and wine. The valleys of the Oro and Vivera, that called the Riberas del Sor, and that of Monforte, are also very productive. The partido of Lugo, the capital, comprehends the delicious valleys of the River Miño and its affluents. The River Miño is the most considerable in the province. It has its rise in the Sierra de Meira, passes the town of Lugo after receiving various smaller streams, and joins the Sil at Los Perales. Sufficient advantage, however, is not taken of the abundant supply of water, and agriculture is in rather a backward state. This is also partly owing to the paucity and badness of the roads, which in this province, as throughout Galicia, are deplorably defective. The productions of the soil are rye, maize, wheat, legumes of various kinds, flax, hemp, and some silk. There is abundance of wood both for building purposes and for fuel. The cultivation of hemp has been almost entirely destroyed by the absurd restrictions of the government. In Caurel and Incio are mines of iron, which is manufactured chiefly in Lugo and Mondofredo; antimony is found in Castroverde and Cervantes; and argentiferous lead in Riotorto. Among the mineral products of the province may also be reckoned the gold washed down by the streams. There are quarries of granite, marble, various kinds of slate and building stone. Linen and woollen cloths are manufactured to some extent. The export traffic of Ribadeo, Vivero, Santiago, Foz, and San Ciprian, is considerable; but the inland trade, from the causes already mentioned, is insignificant, and carried on chiefly by the maragatos. Education is in a deplorable state. There is a university, so called, at Santiago; but there are very few primary schools, and those are of no great excellence. In the partido of Ribadeo there can scarcely be said to be any educational provision whatever. Lugo contains eleven partidos, of which the total population amounted in 1845 to 323,153. The inhabitants of this sequestered region have preserved to a striking degree the manners and customs of ancient Galicia. They are a laborious, loyal, and obedient people; much addicted to litigation, however, and somewhat given to less excusable methods of revenge. The climate of the province is various, on account of the extreme unevenness of its surface; in general it is mild, however, and especially on the coast.

capital of the above province, is situate in N. Lat. 43° 5', W. Long. 7° 57', on a small hill near the River Miño, about 2118 feet above the level of the sea, 50 miles S.E. from Coruña, and 294 N.W. from Madrid, on the highway between these two cities. Lugo was at one time a city of great importance. Its name is supposed to be connected with its ancient destination as the site of a grove temple. It was the headquarters of the Roman occupation of the region, and was known as Lucceae, or *Lucus Augusti*. They surrounded the city with a lofty and massive wall, most of which is still standing, and constitutes one of the most remarkable Roman monuments in Spain. It is supported at intervals by strong semicircular towers, which numbered eighty-five previous to the repairs in 1809. It serves at present as a promenade, commanding an extensive and delightful prospect. Lugo suffered greatly in the fifth century during the Moorish wars, and more recently in the war of independence, lying so much in the way of the combatants. The town consists of about 700 houses; it is not compactly built, a good deal of space being taken up with gardens and orchards. The principal public places are—the Plaza Mayor, a spacious square with porticos on one side; the Plaza de Santo Domingo; the Plaza del Hospital, where reviews are held; and the Campo de San Roque, a place of much resort, where fairs and markets are held.

The most remarkable of the public buildings is the cathedral, situate south of the city, the primitive construction of which dates from the twelfth century, though it has been restored and repaired at various periods, and is still, in some parts, unfinished. The bell-tower and peal of bells, and the carving of the choir, by the famous Galician artist of the sixteenth century, Alonso Moure, are remarkable. The episcopal palace, the civil hospital, the prison, and the barrack, are the remaining buildings of note. The educational institutions are—a normal school in the ex-convent of the Dominicans, and a recently established college (Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza), which also contains a school of design, museum of natural history, and botanic garden. Attached to this institution is a library of about 7000 volumes, formed of the episcopal library and the books of the suppressed convents. About a mile south of the town, on the left bank of the Miño, are the famous baths of Lugo—a thermal spring, of sulphurous ingredients, over which in 1847 was erected by the government an excellent and capacious bathing-house. The remains of Roman baths are found here, and the massive wall which they built to defend their erection from the inundations of the Miño still exists almost entire. These baths are resorted to on account of their beneficial influence in paralytic and syphilitic disorders. Pop. (1847) 7269.