or Luxembourg, a province of Belgium, in the basins of the Meuse and Moselle, formerly part of the grand duchy of Luxembourg, bounded on the N. by Liège, S. by France, E. by the duchy of Luxembourg, and W. by Namur. Its length from N. to S. is about 67 miles, and its breadth E. to W. 37 miles; area, 1705 square miles. It is traversed from S.W. to N.E. by a branch of the Ardennes, whose highest summits do not exceed 2000 feet. Its surface is extremely rugged, covered with wood and extensive morasses. The soil is nowhere very fertile, being thin and gravelly. About one-third of the unwooded surface is devoted to pasture—sheep, horned cattle, pigs, and horses being reared for export in great numbers. The latter especially are of a hardy and spirited race, and are bought for the light cavalry in France. There are considerable mines of iron, and lead and copper are also found; with marble, slate, freestone, coal, and gypsum. Besides iron, there are manufactures of cloth, tile, earthenware, leather, nails, and potash. Of the soil, the principal productions are—wheat, potatoes, tobacco, wine, and fruit. The most important article of commerce is the bark of the oak, which is employed in the great tanneries of Stavelot and Malmedy, and in England; and the oakwood itself, which is exported to Liège and the Netherlands by way of the Meuse. The province is divided, for administrative purposes, into five arrondissements—Arlon, Bastogne, La Marche, Neufchâteau, and Viroin. Arlon, the capital, is a place of some size and importance; but on the whole, the province is thinly populated. In 1855 it amounted to 196,074. It sends two senators and five representatives to the Belgian legislature.

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of, one of the states of the German Confederation, and part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, is bounded N. and E. by Rhenish Prussia, S. by France, and W. by Belgium. Its length from N. to S. is about 48 miles, and its breadth from E. to W. 34; area, 986 square miles. Its surface is elevated, being part of the plateau of the Ardennes, and largely covered with wood and heath. The River Moselle, which bounds it on the S.E., drains the greater part of it; and the Sure and its tributaries Our and Alzette, and the Meuse and its affluents Ourthe and Lesse, the remainder—the Sure itself falling into the Moselle. It is divided into three districts—that of Luxemburg, Grevenmacher, and Diekirch, containing eleven cantons; and, in 1855, a population of 189,480. The bulk of the population is employed in agriculture, which is rather in a backward state, the nature of the soil being adverse; and there is a considerable amount of pastoral country. Wine is grown to some extent, but it is of inferior quality. The chief agricultural products are corn, vegetables, hemp, flax, and hops. Iron is found in the eastern districts, and about 9000 tons are annually manufactured, wood being employed as fuel. The quarries of lime and slate are pretty extensive. Lead was also worked at one time, but is now exhausted or abandoned. The population of the whole of Luxemburg, including the Belgian province, with few exceptions, speak German, though French is understood. In religion they are, almost without exception, Roman Catholics. There was till lately a great want of schools and colleges, but a movement has taken place in this respect.

Luxemburg was originally governed by counts, who were at the same time sovereigns of Brandenburg. In 1354 it was created into a duchy by Charles IV.; and in 1443 fell to Philip of Burgundy by marriage, and through Philip to the House of Spain, with whom it continued entire till, at the peace of the Pyrenees in 1659, part of it was ceded to France, and took the name of French Luxemburg. This latter portion is now comprised in the department of the Moselle. In the first revolution France again appropriated the whole; but in 1814 it was given to Holland in compensation for the German principalities of Nassau, Dillenburg, Siegen, Hadamar, and Dietz; and was organized by the King of the Netherlands as a foreign province, with a constitution and administration of its own. It was again dismembered in 1831, in consequence of disputes following on the Belgian revolution of 1830; and the portion W. of a line drawn from the French to the Prussian territory, a little to the E. of Arlon and Bastogne, given to Belgium.

Luxemburg (German, Lützelburg), capital of the old grand duchy, and now of the Dutch province, is situate in N. Lat. 49° 37', and E. Long. 6° 9', 100 miles S.E. of Brussels, 65 S.S.E. of Liège, and 115 W.S.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. As a fortress it belongs, by the treaty of Vienna, to the German Confederation, and is garrisoned with 6000 Prussian troops. Naturally strong, and carefully strengthened by its successive possessors, it is now, according to Carnot, the strongest place in Europe except Gibraltar, and the only point d'appui from which France can be attacked from the side of the Moselle. It consists of an upper and a lower town; the former being the citadel, and standing 200 feet higher than the latter, with which it communicates by flights of steps and zig-zag streets cut in the solid rock. The lower town occupies a deep valley, watered by the Peterburn and Alzette, crossed with fortifications, and divided into two quarters, viz., Grindel and Pfaffenthal, by the projecting rock called Le Bouc. This is the most remarkable part of the works; it is hollowed from top to bottom, commands the whole valley up and down, and its casemates, cut in the solid rock, are capable of holding 4000 men. The walls have been greatly strengthened under the direction of the German diet, and a new fort built outside the gate to Treves. The most remarkable buildings are the ancient cathedral, partly used as a barracks, and the governor's house. The town possesses also four churches, three chapels, an atheneum, seminary for priests, a normal and several elementary schools, and a recently erected market-place. There are two convents, the Dominican and Franciscan, in a very ruinous condition. The chief manufactures are of wax and leather (common and chamois); there are also breweries and distilleries. The commerce consists of gold and silver goods, paper, iron, wine, porcelain, and some other articles. Luxemburg is an episcopal see. Pop. about 12,000.

François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of, and marshal of France, a renowned general in the service of Louis XIV., was born in 1628. He was with the Prince of Condé at the battle of Rocroi in 1643; and in 1688 he distinguished himself at the conquest of Franche Comté. In 1672 he commanded in chief the French army in Holland, when he defeated the enemy near Woerden and Bodegrave; and the retreat which he effected in 1673 was universally admired. He became marshal of France in 1675, gained the battle of Fleurs in 1690, that of Steenkirk in 1692, and that of Nerwinde in 1693. He died at Versailles in 1695.