a small principality of North Italy, bounded on the S. by the Mediterranean, and on all other sides by the Sardinian States, under whose protection it is. It has a length of about 10 miles from N. to S., a breadth of 6, and an area of 52 square miles. The soil is fertile, and its climate mild, as it is sheltered towards the north by the lofty range of the Alps. Oranges, lemons, citrons, and other fruits are produced in abundance, and large herds of cattle are fed on the excellent pastures. Since the tenth century Monaco has been in the hands of the Grimaldi family, to whom it still nominally belongs; but it is now governed by the King of Sardinia, and garrisoned by his soldiers. The town of Monaco is situated on a lofty promontory 9 miles E.N.E. of Nice. It was called in ancient times Are Hercules Monocci, from which its modern name is derived. The town is walled and fortified, but is completely commanded by the higher elevations towards the north. It has a good harbour, which is secure and well sheltered. Pop. about 1500. Mentone is a larger town than the capital, and contains about 4000 inhabitants. The entire population of the principality is about 7000.