a town of European Russia, government of Ekaterinoslav, on the right bank of the Don, 7 miles E.N.E. of Rostov. The houses are well built, and the streets are broad, straight, and clean. It is the seat of an Armenian archbishop, and contains three churches, a convent, an Armenian school, and a printing-office. There is also a bazaar, which is well stocked with Indian and Persian goods. Manufactures of silk, cotton, leather, soap, brandy, and other articles, are carried on here; and there is an active trade, which is chiefly in the hands of Armenian merchants. Goods are brought from Turkey to supply the fairs of all the neighbouring provinces; and commercial intercourse is also carried on with Turkestan. Pearls and precious stones are the most profitable articles of commerce here. The town was founded in 1780 by Catherine II., and is almost exclusively peopled by Armenians. Pop. (1851) 14,160.

a town of Asiatic Russia, in the province of Erivan, occupies a lofty plain, near the Aras, 175 miles S. of Tiflis, and 64 S.E. of Erivan. It has three churches and a town-house; carries on the manufacture of leather and of earthenware; and is also a place of some trade. It was formerly the chief town in Armenia, but has recently much declined, and seems to have been much injured by the earthquake which took place in 1840. Pop. (1851) 5157.