a colony of Great Britain in North America, lying between N. Lat. 45. and 48.5., W. Long. 63. 50. and 67. 53.; and bounded on the N. by the River Ristigouche and the Bay of Chaleurs, which separate it from Lower Canada; E. by the Gulf of St Lawrence; S. by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy; and W. by the Brunswick state of Maine. Its length from N. to S. is 180 miles; breadth, 150; area, 27,704 square miles. Its form is that of an irregular quadrangle, and the length of its coast-line is about 500 miles.

The surface of New Brunswick, though not presenting very striking varieties in the character of the different parts, may be divided into three regions, differing to some extent from each other in nature and aspect. The southern region comprises the tract of land which stretches along the Bay of Fundy, and is divided into two unequal parts by the River St John. The whole coast of this region is bold and rocky, and the surface is much broken and diversified with rocks and ravines. To the W. of the St John the soil is deep and fertile, and covered with tall and dense forests. To the E. of that river the soil is not so fertile, but there are many beautiful valleys covered with forests mixed with corn-fields, and traversed by streams flowing into lakes at the bottom of the valleys, and ultimately joining the St John. The coast of the central region, along the Gulf of St Lawrence, is low and sandy, covered with trees of a small size. For nearly 20 miles inland the country is flat, and consists of marshes and mosses; but in the interior it rises into gently-sloping hills and undulations, which extend westward as far as the St John. The northern and north-western parts of New Brunswick are more mountainous than any of the other regions. A branch of the Alleghany Mountains traverses the N.W. corner of the province, from the borders of Maine to the Bay of Chaleurs. The mountains are not of any great height; and while some are bold and precipitous towards the top, others are of a more rounded form, and many of the hills are clothed with wood to their summits. The scenery of this district is exceedingly varied and beautiful; the mountains and glens contrast finely with the rich valleys, the rivers, cataracts, and lakes, that are everywhere seen; and the immense forests add to the beauty and luxuriance of the view. It is these forests that form the most striking feature of New Brunswick, and constitute not the least part of its value to the colonist. The principal trees are those belonging to the order of pines, which occupy most of the low-lying land in the province. Pines, larches, and spruces occur in great abundance; and the rocky shores of the Bay of Fundy are rendered extremely picturesque, especially in winter, by the dark-green clumps of spruces contrasting finely with the snow which lies around, and standing firm against the winds and storms which agitate the waves beneath. The oak, ash, maple, birch, poplar, and many other trees, are also found in New Brunswick, affording inexhaustible supplies of timber, and giving the forests in autumn a most gorgeous and rich appearance from the varied tints of their foliage and flowers.

A circumstance that adds greatly to the resources of the Rivers and country and the beauty of the scenery, is the number of lakes, rivers, streams, and lakes with which it is watered. Hardly any part of the country is destitute of some stream, of greater or less size; and in some parts of the interior a canoe can be conveyed with equal ease to the Bay of Chaleurs, the Gulf of St Lawrence, or the Bay of Fundy. The largest river is the Louisstock or St John, which rises in a lake of the same name in the state of Maine, flows first N.E. and afterwards E., forming part of the boundary between Maine and Canada. It then enters New Brunswick, and flows S. and S.E., till it falls into the Bay of Fundy at St John's, after a course of 450 miles. About 225 miles above its mouth, where the river enters New Brunswick, occur the Grand Falls, a cataract 58 feet in height, over which the rocks rise steeply to the height of 100 or 150 feet. The St John is navigable for large steamers as far as Fredericton, 85 miles from the sea; but New Brunswick, navigated by steamers for 40 miles, to the mouth of the Madawaska; and small boats and canoes may proceed as far as the source. The St John receives many tributaries, among which the most important is the Tobique, which joins it on the left from the mountainous region of New Brunswick; and in the lower part of its course there are several lakes communicating with the river, the largest of which, Grand Lake, about 50 miles from the sea, is 30 miles in length, and varies from 3 to 9 in breadth. The river and bay of Miramichi are noticed in a separate article. The Ristigouche, which marks the boundary between New Brunswick and Canada, is formed by five main branches; and from this circumstance it derives its name, which signifies in the Indian language, "the river that divides like the hand." It has a length of 100 miles, and falls into the Bay of Chaleurs, having at its mouth a breadth of 3 miles and a depth of 9 fathoms. The Nipisigit waters the north-eastern part of New Brunswick, and falls into the Bay of Chaleurs after a course of 100 miles. Next to these the most important river in the province is the Petitcodiac, which falls into the north-eastern extremity of the Bay of Fundy. It is navigable for large vessels to the distance of 25 miles from its mouth.

The geological structure of New Brunswick resembles in its general arrangement that of most other parts of North America. The different formations extend either parallel to the branch of the Alleghanies, which crosses the country from S.W. to N.E., or parallel to the shores of the Atlantic. These mountains consist of granite, syenite, trap, porphyry, and other rocks; and in other parts of the province the Silurian, the Carboniferous, and the Old Red Sandstone strata occur. The geology of the interior of New Brunswick is not minutely known, owing to the country being so little cleared. Several excellent salt springs are found, especially in Sussex Vale, to the N.E. of St John's. Many of the strata of New Brunswick are very rich in fossil remains, which are remarkable in many cases for the distinctness and perfection with which they have been preserved. Of the mineral riches of the province, the most important item is coal, of which there is an immense quantity to be found. A vast coal-field occupies the central counties, covering an area of between 7500 and 10,000 square miles, or about one-third of the whole extent. Iron has been found in great abundance, and of excellent quality for steel, at Woodstock on the St John; and copper on the banks of the Nipisigit.

The climate of New Brunswick, like most of the adjacent parts of North America, is more subject to extremes than places of the same latitude in the Eastern Continent. At Fredericton the temperature ranges from 35° below zero to 95° above, and the mean temperature is about 42°. The severest part of the winter is from the middle of December to the middle of March; but the deepest snows do not fall till the end of February or beginning of March, when the winds blow from the E. with great fury, piling up the snow in drifts and banks. About the middle of March the south winds begin to blow with considerable strength, and soon afterwards the ice disappears from the rivers and lakes, and the country becomes fit for the plough. The spring is short, and generally cold and rainy; but during the summer very little rain falls, except in thunder-storms, which are frequent. The finest part of the year in New Brunswick is the autumn, and especially what is called the Indian summer, which occurs in the month of November. At this period the varied hues of the forest, the dryness and clearness of the atmosphere, and the brilliancy of the northern lights, all combine to increase the beauty of the scenery. The climate of the coast is somewhat more moist than that of the interior. The clearing of the country, which is rapidly going on, seems to be producing a gradual increase in the mildness of the inland regions; for while the winter formerly lasted for six months, it now rarely exceeds three or four. The climate is extremely healthy: epidemics are rare; rheumatism, low-typhus, and consumption are the only prevalent diseases; and there have been many remarkable instances of longevity in the province. The soil of New Brunswick is very good; and though the severity of the winters is unfavourable to the growth of some kinds of crops, potatoes, turnips, pulse, wheat, oats, rye, and barley thrive extremely well here. The largest crop raised, however, is that of hay, which is not only sufficient to supply the cattle with fodder, but is also exported in considerable quantities to the United States. The forests of New Brunswick, having been as yet but partially cleared, and as the occupation of cutting and sawing wood is more profitable than that of farming, agriculture has made but little progress, and the produce of the country is not sufficient to supply the wants of the inhabitants. The cultivation of the land, however, is rapidly extending; and improvements are being gradually introduced, which will render the produce of the soil more commensurate with its natural fertility. The amount of land under cultivation in the province in 1851 was 648,954 acres; and the crops raised in 1855 were,—of wheat, 206,635 bushels; of barley, 74,300; of oats, 1,411,164; of buck-wheat, 689,004; of Indian corn, 62,228; of pease, 42,663; of turnips, 539,803; of potatoes, 2,792,394; of other roots, 47,890; and of hay, 225,093 tons. The number of horses in the same year was 22,044; of horned cattle, 105,263; of sheep, 168,039; and of swine, 47,932.

Besides farming, the people of New Brunswick are employed for the most part in the fisheries; in the lumbering and commerce, as it is called,—that is to say, in cutting down timber from the woods, and preparing it for exportation; and in ship-building. The nature of the coasts of the province affords great facilities for fisheries; and the great abundance of fish which is to be got here would render fishing a profitable pursuit. It is not, however, carried on to a very great extent; for though many of the inhabitants of the coast pursue this occupation, along with those of farming and lumbering, yet the demand for timber and the scantiness of the population give greater encouragement to other occupations; while the idleness of the people and the encroachments of American fishermen prevent this employment from being prosecuted with as much activity as it might be. In consequence of the recent reciprocity treaty with the United States, admitting the produce of the colonial fisheries free of duty into that country, it is believed that the fisheries of New Brunswick will be more actively carried on and more highly valued than hitherto. The principal seats of the fisheries are in the harbour of St John's, and on the islands at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. Cod, haddock, herring, and mackerel, are the principal fish got here; and the total value of the fisheries in the Bay of Fundy was, in 1850, L52,700. The occupation of lumbering, in which a great part of the inhabitants are employed, though it is not favourable for the agricultural progress of the country, serves to clear out and open up the forests; and produces an active, hardy, and industrious set of men. The timber is floated down the rivers to the sawmills, of which there are in the province a large number. The exports of New Brunswick consist principally of timber and fish. The total value of the wood exported in 1854 was L740,157; and that of the fish, L55,559. The total value of the exports in 1855 was L823,381, and of the imports, L1,431,330. The number of ships built in the province in 1854 was 135, and their tonnage 99,426; in 1855 the number of ships was 95, and their tonnage 54,561. The number belonging to the province on the 31st December 1854 was 878, tonnage 141,454; at the same date in 1855 the number of ships was 866, and the tonnage 138,292. The number of vessels that entered the various ports in 1855 was 3442, tonnage 590,767; those that cleared in the same year 3381, tonnage 663,981. The number of saw and grist mills in the province in 1851 was 845, employing 4668 hands. There were also in the same year 125 tanneries, employing 255 hands; 11 foundries, employing 242; 52 weaving and carding establishments, producing 622,237 yards of cloth, and employing 96 hands; 8 breweries, producing 100,975 gallons of malt liquors; and 94 other factories, employing 953 hands.

The province is at present divided into fourteen counties, some of which, however, are but thinly peopled; and portions of land have been reserved for the aboriginal Indians, of whom there were in 1851, 1116 still remaining. The extent of land set apart for them is 61,273 acres. The government is in the hands of a lieutenant-governor, with an annual salary of L3000, who is aided by an executive council of eight, a legislative council, and a representative house of assembly. The public revenue in 1855 amounted to L93,916; and the expenditure in the same year was L138,353. The judicial establishments of New Brunswick consist of a supreme court of four judges, a court of chancery, one of marriage and divorce, and one for the trial of offences committed at sea; the three last of which are presided over by the lieutenant-governor. There is also a court of vice-admiralty, and one of probate. The number of barristers in the colony, practising also the business of attorneys, was, in 1849, 155. The military force of the colony consists of a regiment of yeomanry cavalry, 3 separate troops of cavalry, a regiment of artillery, and 18 regiments of infantry, numbering in all 27,200 rank and file.

The religious sects in New Brunswick are Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, and Roman Catholics. None of these sects are supported by the government; but the Bishop of Fredericton takes precedence next to the lieutenant-governor and the commander of the forces. The diocese of Fredericton was created in 1845, and included in 1849 a bishop, an archdeacon, 33 rectors, and 8 curates, with 61 churches, capable of containing 17,920 people. The synod of New Brunswick in connection with the Established Church of Scotland consists of 13 ministers; and the synod in connection with the Free Church of Scotland consists of 17 ministers. The Wesleyan Methodists had, in 1847, 21 ministers and 33 local preachers in the province. The Baptists, who are divided into various sects, had, in 1846, 41 ministers; and the Roman Catholics, in the same year, 1 bishop and 24 priests. The whole number of places of worship in the colony in 1851 was 423. Education is well attended to in New Brunswick. There is a university at Fredericton, founded in 1828, and constituted after the model of those of Oxford and Cambridge. It receives annually from the crown a grant of L1000, an equal sum from the provincial legislature, and has an endowment of 6000 acres of land near Fredericton. There are also Baptist and Methodist colleges in the province. Grammar and parish schools have been established in every county; the management of the former being in the hands of a board of trustees appointed by the lieutenant-governor and council, who themselves form a board of education for the superintendence of the parish schools. The parish schoolmasters receive government allowances, varying from L18 to L30 per annum. The whole number of schoolhouses in 1851 was 798. The public charitable institutions consist of a marine hospital, a lazaretto, and a provincial lunatic asylum. The amount of money expended in 1854 for educational and charitable purposes was L17,269.

The early history of New Brunswick is closely connected with that of Nova Scotia, of which it originally formed a part, when that province, then called Acadia or New France, was under the French dominion. The earliest attempt at colonization here was made in 1639; and in 1672 a number of French emigrants settled on the Miramichi and in other parts of the country. In 1713 New Brunswick was ceded to Great Britain, in terms of the treaty of Utrecht. The country was first settled by British colonists in 1764; and in 1784 New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia, and made a distinct province. It was originally peopled by several different Indian tribes; but these have all now disappeared except two,—the Micmacs and the Melicetes,—who, though resembling each other in physical appearance, differ considerably in their origin and language. They wander in families about the country; but an annual council is held, at which arrangements respecting their hunting, fishing, and other affairs, are made. The European inhabitants of the province consist to a large extent of descendants of royalists from the United States, who left their country at the American revolution, that they might remain under the British sway.

The capital of New Brunswick is Fredericton, in the Principal county of York, on the St John, 88 miles from its mouth. It stands on a plain bounded on one side by the river, which is here three-fourths of a mile broad, and on the other by a range of hills, 2 miles long and half a mile wide; and it is regularly built with long and straight streets. The most of the houses are of wood, but the public edifices are of stone, and some of them are very handsome. This town has a cathedral, five or six churches, a province-hall for the accommodation of the courts of law and legislature, a government-house, library, barracks, and other buildings. Pop. about 6000.

St John's, the principal commercial town in the province, is situated on a rocky promontory at the mouth of the St John River, in N. Lat. 45° 20', W. Long. 66° 3'. It is regularly and well built; but the streets are in some places very steep, although much labour has been expended in reducing them to a level. There are many handsome public buildings of stone, brick, and wood, among which are a court-house, church, and bank. The extreme point of the promontory is defended by two batteries; and here are also barracks and military stores. The number of new vessels registered at St John's in 1854 was 97 (besides which 11 vessels were built for owners in the United Kingdom), aggregate tonnage 81,379; in 1855 the number was 76, and the tonnage 40,986. At 31st December 1855, 566 vessels, of 110,451 tons burden, belonged to the port. The number of vessels that arrived in 1851 was 1527, tonnage 282,450; those that cleared 1545, tonnage 324,821. The total value of the imports in the same year was L826,398, and that of the exports L535,441. Pop. about 12,000. The population of the various counties of New Brunswick in 1851 was as follows:

| County | Population | |--------------|------------| | Albert | 6,313 | | Carleton | 11,108 | | Charlotte | 19,938 | | Gloucester | 11,704 | | Kent | 11,410 | | King's | 18,842 | | Northumberland | 15,064 | | Queen's | 10,634 | | Ristigochie | 4,161 | | St John's | 38,475 | | Sunbury | 5,301 | | Victoria | 5,408 | | Westmoreland | 17,814 | | York | 17,028 |

Total: 193,800

town of the United States of North America, capital of Middlesex county, in the state of New Jersey, stands on the right bank of the River Raritan, 26 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, and 30 S.W. of New York. The older part of the town, which is built on the low ground close to the river, has narrow and irregular streets; but on the hill which rises behind there is a more recent portion, with broad streets and many handsome edifices. Rutgers College, a building of dark red freestone, situated on a hill, has 7 professors, 66 students, and a library of 10,000 volumes. There is also here a theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church, with 3 professors, 34 students, and a library of 7000 volumes. New Brunswick has Newburg about ten churches, several schools, two banks, a courthouse, and a jail. The Raritan is navigable as far as this place, and the town is connected with Bordentown, 42 miles distant, by the Delaware and Raritan Canal. It is also a station on the New Jersey Railway, and has a considerable trade. Pop. (1850) 13,070.