an island belonging to Great Britain, in the N. Atlantic Ocean, off the E. coast of North America, and forming the most of the eastern boundary of the Gulf of St Lawrence. It lies between N. Lat. 46° 38' and 51° 37', W. Long. 52° 44' and 69° 31'; and is separated from Labrador by the Straits of Belleisle, about 12 miles broad; and on the S.W. it approaches within 70 miles of North Point, in Cape Breton Island. Its form is generally triangular, but extremely irregular. Its area is about 36,000 square miles, and its coast line is estimated at nearly 1000 miles in length.

This vast island reposes upon an immense bank, a continuation of which has been observed all the way to Nova Scotia. It is apparently a mass of solid rock, having a very try wild and rugged appearance from the sea, and being anything but inviting. On its south-eastern quarter Newfoundland is formed into a peninsula of about 80 miles in length, by from 15 to 60 in breadth; the isthmus which unites it with the mainland being not more than 4 miles in breadth. This peninsula is called Avalon. To the N. of it, and on the eastern side of the island, lies Trinity Bay, which is separated from that of Bonavista by a narrow neck of land, the point of which is Cape Bonavista. A long neck of land also divides Trinity Bay from Conception Bay on the northern side of Avalon. This bay ranks as the first district in Newfoundland, as well on account of the spirit and enterprise of the inhabitants who people its shores, as from its natural advantages of large harbours, coves, and the like. The scenery on this part of the coast is majestic, wild, and calculated to strike the beholder with awe. About 20 miles from Cape St Francis, the eastern boundary of Conception, are the bay and harbour of St John's, the capital of Newfoundland. A succession of bays indent the coast all round the peninsula of Avalon, the principal of which are—Trepassey Bay, St Mary's Bay, and Placentia Bay. The last, about 60 miles deep and 45 broad, lies between Cape St Mary and Cape Rouge, and contains several harbours and islands. It is separated from Fortune Bay by one of those long and narrow necks of land which are so common in the island. Fortune Bay is from 60 to 70 miles deep, and from 20 to 30 broad, receiving many rivers from the island lakes, and containing numerous harbours, the principal of which is Fortune Harbour, on the eastern side. St Pierre and Miquelon Islets are situated at the mouth of Fortune Bay. They were ceded to France in the year 1814, and the former contains a harbour which is the rendezvous of the French shipping, and the residence of the governor. From this point, all along the south side of Newfoundland to Cape Ray, which forms the N.E. entrance of the Gulf of St Lawrence, there are numerous bays, but none of sufficient size or importance to require particular description. On the western side, formed by Cape Anguille and Cape St George, is the Bay of St George, a large and deep inlet of the sea, into which several rivers, emerging from lakes in the interior, empty themselves. Further to the Newfoundland is the Bay of Islands, formed by three arms into land, which several rivers discharge their waters. One of these, called the Humber, is the most considerable yet discovered; its course having been traced for 114 miles to the north-westward, where it issues from a lake between 50 and 60 miles in length. As its name would indicate, this bay contains a number of islands, but none of any particular consequence. The next large indentation of the sea on the western side of Newfoundland is Bonne Bay, which has also rivers communicating with the lakes in the interior. The next bay is called Ingornachois Bay, which contains two harbours; and to the north of it is St John's Bay, which receives the waters of Castor's River. Along the Straits of Belleisle, which separate Newfoundland from the coast of Labrador, are a few inconsiderable inlets; but beyond Cape Norman, the N.W. point of the island, is a large bay called Pistolet Bay; and further to the S. is Hare Bay, a deep gulf, the bottom of which intersects the island for two-thirds of its breadth at this point, branching off into innumerable bays and coves, sheltered by lofty hills. From this haven to White Bay, a very large inlet of the sea on the eastern side of the island, and thence to Cape St John, the coast is indented at short distances by commodious and much-frequented harbours. The Bay of Notre Dame and the Bay of Exploits are of great extent, and contain a vast number of islands, together with a thriving settlement called Twillingate. The River Exploits is about 70 miles long, but its navigation is obstructed by rapids, some of which have a velocity of nearly 10 miles an hour. This river connects the Red Indian Lake, a large sheet of water in the interior, with the Atlantic. From Cape St John to Cape Freels the coast is a continuation of ledges, shallows, islands, and rocks, but affords excellent fishing-grounds. Bonavista Bay contains several islands, and is itself indented by a number of small inlets and harbours. To the south of it is Catalina Bay, containing Ragged Harbour, which completes the circuit of the island.

After the exterior aspect of Newfoundland has been described, the interior comes naturally to be noticed. But this has as yet been very imperfectly explored. In 1823 a Mr Cormack succeeded in traversing its breadth from Conception Bay on the east to St George's Bay on the west; and from his account it appears, that this portion of it at least is much intersected with lakes and rivers, but poorly wooded, and of a rocky and barren soil. In this respect the island differs greatly from the other North American colonies, producing little timber but what is dwarf and stunted, except on the margins of bays and rivers, where spruce, birch, and poplar sometimes grow to a considerable size. Several high hills occur near the centre of the island, and the inland country is represented as generally undulating; so that lakes, rocks, marshes, and occasional elevations, with little or no vegetation, constitute its characteristic features. The geology of Newfoundland is nearly the same as that of the coast of Labrador. The prevailing formation is granite; but porphyry, syenite, trap, gneiss, mica, clay-slate, and other strata are also found. The island, it appears, abounds with minerals of various sorts. Coal and lime have been wrought in more than one part with some success; and there is little doubt as to the existence of copper, iron, and other mines, but it is not likely that they are very productive. There are excellent gypsum quarries near Cape Ray, and there is also a quantity of the mineral called marcasite, or iron pyrites, which the early discoverers mistook for real gold.

The climate, though severe, is healthy; the rate of mortality is below that of any part of the continent of America; and many of the inhabitants attain to a great age. The winter lasts from the beginning of December to the middle of April; and the most intense cold occurs in the months of January and February. During this period, owing to the clearness of the atmosphere, the brightness of the stars and northern lights have an exceedingly beautiful appearance. The snow does not lie long on the ground, and the cold is not so great as in Canada. The summer is short, but mild and pleasant; though the heat is sometimes great in that season.

The most remarkable feature connected with Newfoundland is the fogs which prevail on its coasts. Those of the Gulf of St Lawrence are attributed to the coldness of the gulf-waters, which is supposed to be permanent a few feet below the surface, as well as at great depths. The fogs on the banks of Newfoundland are undoubtedly chiefly due to the meeting, in that point, of the cold air transported along with the polar current with the warm atmosphere over the gulf-stream. On the great bank the surface of the water is many degrees colder than it is in the neighbouring sea, and much less than that of the Gulf-stream, which is within a short distance of it.

The soil of Newfoundland in the vicinity of the rivers and lakes is generally rich and fertile, but it is covered in many places with a thick coating of moss; and in the eastern and southern parts of the island there are many tracts which are very sterile, and can only be made productive by constant manuring. The amount of cultivated land in the island, according to the census taken in 1845, was 82,259 acres.

The most valuable vegetable productions are potatoes and cabbages; and, next to these, turnips, carrots, parsnips, radishes, and other garden roots, yield the most abundant crops. There were in the island, according to the census of 1845, 2409 horses, 8135 horned cattle, 5750 sheep, and 5791 goats. Cariboo deer, beavers, foxes, wolves, and bears abound; as well as the well-known Newfoundland dog, the true breed of which has become very scarce. Besides the great staple of the island, fish, which is here understood to mean cod, the numerous large and small sheets of water abound in divers kinds of excellent trout and eels of a great size; and lobsters, lance, herrings, mackerel, and salmon, are in great abundance; plaice, sole, halibut, and thornback, are likewise found on the coast. The capelin arrives periodically in such immense shoals as to change the colour of the sea. Herrings likewise arrive during spring and autumn in prodigious numbers. As a product of the coast may be mentioned kelp, which, with other sea-weed, is used as manure.

The importance of this colony has exclusively arisen from its fisheries. The different settlements are scattered principally on the shores of the eastern and southern sides of the island, but especially on the former. They are generally formed at the heads of the bays, particularly Conception Bay, thence to St John's, and southward to Cape Race. The principal arc, besides St John's, the Bay of Bulls, Brigus, Cape Broyle Harbour, Ferryland, Fermeor, and Renews. St John's, the capital of the island, is a place of considerable strength, situated about 70 miles to the N. of Cape Race; N. Lat. 47° 35', W. Long. 52° 48'. The harbour is one of the best in Newfoundland, being formed between two mountains, the eastern points of which leave an entrance, called the Narrows. This is the only assailable part, but it is so well defended that any vessel attempting to force an entrance would inevitably be destroyed. There is about 12 fathoms of water in the middle of the channel, with tolerably good anchorage-ground. The most lofty perpendicular precipices rise to an amazing height upon the north side, and the southern shore appears less striking in its altitude, only from a comparison with the opposite rocks. There is a light shown every night on the left side of the entrance, where there are also a small battery and a signal-post. Other batteries of greater strength appear towering above the rocky eminences towards the north. At about two-thirds of the distance between the entrance and what may properly be termed the harbour itself; there is a dangerous shelf called the Pancake, opposite the Chain Rock, so called from a chain which, in time of war, extends across the strait at that place, to prevent the admission of any hostile fleet. There are other fortifications besides those already noticed, planted upon the heights around the town, so as to render St John's perfectly secure against any sudden attack. Fort Townshend is situated immediately over the town, and is the usual residence of the governor. Forts Amherst and William are more to the north; and there is also a small battery perched on the top of a single pyramidal mount, called the Crow's Nest. The town itself consists chiefly of one long straggling street, extending nearly parallel to the shore on the north side of the port, from which branch out several narrow lines of houses, that can only be called lanes. The houses are chiefly built of wood, although diversified by some of brick and a few of stone; but they are somewhat irregularly placed, although the town has been much improved in this respect since the fire of 1846.

The principal feature of the town consists in its multitude of wharves and fishing stages, which entirely line the shore. The government wharf is a fine broad quay, open to the accommodation of the public. St John's has repeatedly and severely suffered from fires. In 1815 a great amount of property was destroyed by a visitation of this sort. Other conflagrations took place in 1817 and 1818; and in 1846 the town was again almost destroyed by fire. There are nine places of public worship of various denominations at St John's, several school-houses, and numerous literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions. The town has a brewery, a distillery, a flour-mill, and a foundry. The number of vessels that entered the port in 1851 was 842, and their tonnage 103,016. Those that cleared in the same year were 703, and their tonnage 91,191. The trade of the place consists principally in the export of dried fish, and of seal, whale, and cod oil; and in the import of bread, flour, tea, sugar, and other necessaries of life. The resident population is about 19,000, and the fishermen amount to about 6000.

The following table shows the quantities of dried cod and seal-oil exported from Newfoundland for each year from 1851 to 1855, a quintal of fish being 100 lb.:—

| Year | Dried cod | Seal-oil | |------|-----------|----------| | 1851 | 1,017,152 quintals | 6968 tons | | 1852 | 972,024 " | 7333 " | | 1853 | 922,718 " | 8137 " | | 1854 | 774,117 " | 5667 " | | 1855 | 1,167,388 " | 3760 " |

The number of vessels that entered in 1855 was 1185, and their tonnage 150,603; those that cleared were 1017, and their tonnage 137,513. The total value of the imports in the same year was L.1,152,804; and that of the exports L.1,142,212. The government of the island is in the hands of a lieutenant-governor, with a yearly salary of L.3000, assisted by an executive council, not exceeding seven in number, appointed by himself. The legislature consists of a legislative council, above ten and below fifteen in number, appointed by the Crown, and a house of assembly of thirty members, elected by the people. The constitution received its present form in 1854, and at the same time the system of responsible government was established. The public revenue in 1855 was L.126,449, and the expenditure L.120,926. The public debt of the colony in the same year amounted to a total of L.150,000. The judicial establishments of the island comprise a supreme court, composed of one chief and two assistant judges; and three circuit-courts for the Northern, Central, and Southern divisions of the island. No religious establishment is supported by the public funds, but the bishop of Newfoundland receives a salary of L.300 a-year from the British Treasury, the remainder of the provision for the Newfoundland episcopate being supplied by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. There were in 1855 forty ministers of the Protestant Episcopal church in Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador, and sixty-six churches. The Roman Catholics, in the same year, had forty-nine churches; the Wesleyans thirty-seven churches, forty preaching stations, and thirteen missionaries; and the Established Church of Scotland, the Free Church, and the Congregationalists, had each a place of worship at St John's. A considerable part of the public money is devoted to the purposes of education; and this sum amounted in 1855 to L.8871. The number of schools aided by these grants was 219, and the number of scholars 13,602. The sum expended for benevolent purposes in the same year was L.17,787; and the principal charitable institutions are an hospital and lunatic asylum at St John's.

When Newfoundland was first visited it was found to contain two distinct races of aborigines; the one termed Red Indians, and the other Esquimaux. Both are now almost extinct; the former, it is supposed, is entirely so, as deadly feuds were waged between them and the early settlers. Besides, the Mic-mac Indians, who were introduced into the island from Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, carried on with the Red Indians an exterminating war, which proved far more fatal to them than the hostilities of the Europeans. A female of this tribe was captured in 1818, and from her a vocabulary of their language was obtained.

Without dwelling upon the tradition which represents Newfoundland as having been settled at a very early period by one Biron, a sea-king or pirate of Iceland, we have authentic evidence of its re-discovery by John Cabot, on the 24th June 1497. Sailing under the commission of Henry VII. in these seas, he descried a headland, which, as a lucky omen, he called Bonavista, a name which it still retains. It was at that time inhabited by native Indians, three of whom he brought home, clothed in skins, and speaking a language which no person understood. It was afterwards visited by navigators from France and Portugal, who, reporting favourably of the abundance and excellency of its cod fishery, European fishermen were soon attracted to its coasts. In 1636 an English vessel attempted to winter upon the island, but the crew nearly perished from starvation. Not deterred by this failure, however, nor by that of a former attempt, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 1583, landed on the island with 200 followers, and, under a patent of Queen Elizabeth, took quiet possession of the country. Being, however, desirous of prosecuting his discoveries, his crews became disaffected, and, having separated into two parties, one of them returned home. Most of those who followed him were lost in a gale of wind off the Sable Island, and the remainder perished, along with himself, on their voyage homewards. Subsequent attempts were made to explore and settle Newfoundland, but it was not until the year 1623 that the first colony was established under Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore. His son was made governor of the colony, which he named Avalon, and soon afterwards proceeding thither himself, it increased and flourished under his auspices. Other individuals obtained grants of land; and, about the year 1654, fifteen settlements, comprehending 300 families, had been made on the island, notwithstanding the constant bickering between the English and French, the latter having established a colony at Placentia. On the breaking out of the war after the accession of William III., these assumed a more serious character, and, after various recriminations, St John's was compelled to surrender to the French in 1696. The captors set fire to the fort and town, and destroyed most of the British settlements. To repair these losses, our government despatched a squadron; but the cowardice of one commander, and the ignorance of another, frustrated the design. The re-establishment of peace put an end to hostilities for the time; but they were resumed in 1702, during which year several of the French settlements were destroyed, and a great many fishing-boats were burned or captured. In the following year an expedition miscarried, and this circumstance encouraged the French to attempt the conquest of the whole island in 1705. For this purpose 500 men were despatched from Canada to the assistance of the garrison of Placentia, who, though repulsed from St John's, extended their ravages over the different settlements as far as Bonavista. In the year 1708 the French completely demolished the town of St John's; and, shortly afterwards, Carbonia, the only settlement of consequence remaining in our hands, was partially destroyed. From this time until the conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, the French remained in quiet possession of Newfoundland; but, by this treaty, the island, with all the adjacent ones, was declared to belong to Great Britain, the French being only allowed the use of the two islets of St Pierre and Miquelon. The revolutionary war in America occasioned fresh disputes as to the right of fishing upon the banks of Newfoundland. The New Englanders had hitherto enjoyed the right of taking fish, and on this being resisted, they retaliated, by refusing to supply the colony with many articles of provision upon which it depended. This dispute was settled by the treaty of Versailles in 1783, by which it was stipulated that the inhabitants of the United States should have liberty to take fish of every kind on the coast of Newfoundland, but not to dry or cure their fish upon the island. Pop. (1845) 96,864; (1860) estimated at more than 100,000.

NEW GRANADA. See GRANADA, New.

NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the United States of North America, is bounded on the N. by Canada, E. and S.E. by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by Vermont. It lies between 42° 41' and 45° 25' N. Lat., and between 70° 40' and 72° 35' W. Long.; extending in length about 185 miles, whilst its average breadth is about 50 miles, and its area is computed at 9290 miles. On the map its shape nearly resembles a wedge inserted between the states of Maine and Vermont, and having Massachusetts for its base. The line of coast is indented with small inlets of the sea, and skirted by a narrow sandy plain. At no great distance the country swells into a mountainous region, and New Hampshire has justly been called the "State of Hills," and also the "Granite State." Mount Washington, the highest peak of the White Mountain range, has a height of 6226 feet; and is thus, with the exception of Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina, the highest mountain in the Union E. of the Mississippi. Between the Merrimack and the Connecticut are situated many considerable mountains; the names of the principal heights being Monadnock, 3718 feet high; Kearsarge, 3067 feet; Car's Mountain, 1381 feet; and Moosechillock, 4636 feet. As a whole, the physiognomy of New Hampshire is bold and prominent, and, although rugged, often sublime in the highest degree. The mountains of the state are in the centre, with a zone of finely-diversified hill and dale country around, the hills consisting generally of stony and moist land, and affording excellent pasturage. The geological structure of the mountains of New Hampshire consists principally of granite and mica slate; the former predominating among the White Mountains, and the latter among the elevations farther to the S. The mineral resources of the state are considerable. Iron has been found in great abundance in many parts of the country; and there are also mines of copper, tin, lead, and zinc. Granite is more abundant here than in any of the other states; and fine marble has been found in considerable quantities. The general slope of the state is from N. to S., and in that direction the most of the rivers flow. Of these the principal are—the Connecticut, which forms the boundary between this state and that of Vermont; the Merrimack, flowing through the middle of the state; the Piscataqua, in the S.E.; and the Androscoggin, which flows for the greater part of its course in the state of Maine. The principal lake in New Hampshire is Lake Winnipesaukee, which is of an irregular shape, about 25 miles in length, and varying from 1 to 10 in breadth. Its depth is great, and the scenery is very picturesque and beautiful. There are also many smaller lakes, of which Umbagog, on the confines of Maine, Connecticut Lake, and Squam Lake, are the chief. The whole surface of the water in this state is estimated to amount to 110,000 acres. The climate of New Hampshire is severe, but less variable than that of Maine and of the other northern states. The winters are long, and the snow lies from November till April, and sometimes till May; while the mountains are covered with snow for the greater part of the year. The spring is generally wet and foggy, but great heat is often experienced in the summer, when the thermometer sometimes stands above 100°. The soil is in general not very fertile; but the labour and industry of the people have succeeded in rendering it productive of many valuable crops. The richest portions are those along the banks of the rivers, especially the Connecticut. The uplands afford good pasture ground; and the whole country, notwithstanding its few natural advantages, has a rich and flourishing appearance. The lower slopes of the mountains are thickly covered with forests of oak, pine, beech, maple, walnut, &c.; while on the lower regions elm, ash, birch, poplar, and other trees abound. The amount of cultivated land in the state in 1850 was 2,251,488 acres; and during the year ending June 1, 1850, the produce was 185,658 bushels wheat; 183,117 rye; 1,573,670 maize; 973,381 oats; 70,856 peas and beans; 65,265 buckwheat; 70,256 barley; 4,304,919 potatoes; 1,108,476 lb. wool; 6,977,056 butter; 3,196,563 cheese; 257,174 hops; 7652 flax; 1,298,863 maple sugar; 117,140 bees' wax and honey; 598,834 tons hay; L51,781 orchard produce; and L11,833 market-garden produce. The number of horses in the same year was 34,233; milch cows, 94,277; working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; sheep, 384,756; and swine, 63,487; while the total value of live stock in the state was L1,848,310. The state of New Hampshire is actively engaged in manufactures; for which great conveniences are afforded by the water power which is furnished by the different rivers and streams. There were in 1850, 3301 manufactories in the state, of which 44 were cotton factories, employing 2911 male, and 9211 female hands, having a capital of L2,280,000, consuming L1,008,210 of raw material, and producing 113,106,247 yards of cotton and 140,700 lb. of yarn, valued at L1,839,708; 61 woollen factories, employing 926 male, and 1201 female hands, having a capital of L507,850, consuming L264,023 of raw material, and producing 9,712,840 yards of cloth and 165,200 lb. of yarn, valued at L1,448,277; 29 iron-foundries, furnaces, &c., employing 390 hands, having a capital of L49,700, consuming L39,073 of raw material, and producing 6074 tons of iron, valued at L80,850; and 163 tanneries, having a capital of L92,076, consuming L112,867 of raw material, and producing leather valued at L187,586. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent in New Hampshire; and the number of vessels built in 1852 was 14, with an aggregate tonnage of 9515. The whole of the vessels owned in the state in the same year had a tonnage of 24,891, of which 2283 tons were engaged in the cod and mackerel fishing. The trade of the state is very inconsiderable, as there is only one port of entry in the state, viz., Portsmouth; while there are few rivers capable of affording facilities for inland navigation. The tonnage of the vessels that entered in 1850 was 11,044; of those that cleared £213. The number of vessels built in the state in the year ending June 30, 1856 was 10, and their tonnage 10,395. The total value of exports for the same year was £1,097, and of imports £5068.

The government of the state is in the hands of a governor, who is appointed annually by the people, and has a salary of £208. He is assisted by an executive council of 5 members; and there is also a senate of 12, and a house of representatives of 286 members, popularly elected. The judicial establishment consists of a supreme court, composed of a chief justice and four associates, and of a court of common pleas, having one chief justice and two associates. The supreme court has exclusive jurisdiction in criminal cases; and there is a right of appeal to it from the court of common pleas in civil cases where the matter in dispute exceeds £20 in value. For legal purposes, the state is divided into five districts, in each of which the supreme court holds two annual terms. The amount of the public income for the year ending June 2, 1857, was £43,638, and the expenditure for the same year was £40,187. The total value of the taxable property in New Hampshire in 1856 was £25,239,460; and in June 1857 the total number of banks in the state was 52, their aggregate capital £1,048,185, and their circulation £741,302. There were also at that time 20 savings-banks, of which the deposits were £802,115, and the total means £843,332. There are numerous railways in the state, crossing it in various directions, and communicating with the principal towns of New England. The total length of all the lines in operation in January 1857 was 480 miles. There are also several canals in New Hampshire; and telegraphs have been established between the principal towns. The number of churches in the state in 1850 was 602, being one for every 528 inhabitants; and of these the Baptists owned 180; the Christians 23; the Congregationalists 172; the Episcopalians 11; the Quakers 15; the Methodists 99; the Presbyterians 13; the Union Church 32; the Unitarians 13; the Universalists 36, &c. The total value of church property was £291,995. The interests of education in the state are committed to the care of a board of commissioners from the several counties. The number of scholars in 1856 during the winter was 67,103; and in summer 58,203. The number of teachers was 1077 male, and 3042 female. The amount of money raised by taxation for schools was £44,230; and the whole amount expended for district schools during the year 1856 was £53,908. There were, in the same year, 89 academies and private schools in the state; and also a college at Hanover, with 16 professors, 251 students, and a library of 31,900 volumes; three theological schools belonging to Methodists, Congregationalists, and Baptists, having in all 99 students; and one medical school, having 5 professors, and 50 students. The principal charitable institution of the state is the lunatic asylum at Concord, which was opened in 1843, and has at present 170 inmates. It is supported by the public funds; and the receipts in 1857 amounted to £5698, and the expenditure to £5502. There is also a house of reformation for female and juvenile offenders, and a state prison at Concord. The earliest settlements in this part of the country were made by Mason and Gorges, who obtained in 1622, from James I., a grant of the land between the Merrimack and the Kennebec; and, in the following year, colonies were planted at Portsmouth and Dover. In 1641, the colonists placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts, of which colony they continued to form a part until 1679, when their country became a royal province. It was, however, afterwards united with Massachusetts; and was finally, in 1749, made an independent colony. New Hampshire suffered very much at one period from the inroads of the Indians; but having escaped this danger, the colony rapidly increased in wealth and population.

Although this state took an active part in the war of the American revolution, no important battles were fought within its territory, either at that time, or during the war of 1812. The capital of the state is Concord. Pop. (1850) 317,976.