The North-Western Provinces of Bengal form one of the great political divisions of Hindustan, comprehending a vast tract of territory, and constituting a sort of vice-presidency under the chief government of India. The administration is conducted by an officer, bearing the title of lieutenant-governor, who is appointed by the governor-general in council. These provinces, intersected by the Jumna and the Ganges, lie between Lat. 23° 51' and 30° 26', Long. 75° 20' and 84° 40'; and are bounded on the N. by the Deyra Dhoon, Kunnon and Nepaul; on the E. by Nepaul, Oude, and the lower provinces of Bengal; on the S. by the lower provinces of Bengal and the native state of Rewah; and on the W. by Bundelcund, Scindia's territory, and Rajpootana. The whole territory, comprehending an area of 76,190 square miles, with a population, according to the census of 1852-53, of 30,473,927, is distributed into six divisions and thirty-three districts. In the following list the names in capitals are those of the provinces, the others of districts. But there are districts also bearing the same name as the provinces, except in Rohilcund. The order is from north to south.

1. MERUT, 2. DELHI, 3. BHARATNAGAR, 4. BAREILLY, 5. ALLAHABAD, 6. ROHILCUND, 7. BIJNOR, 8. AGRA, 9. MURSHIDABAD, 10. BARDAK, 11. BENARAS, 12. PILIHILLI, 13. SHAJAHANPUR, 14. AGRA, 15. MAITRA, 16. FARRUKHABAD, 17. MYOPOLIS, 18. FAIZABAD, 19. CAWNPORE, 20. FAZILPUR, 21. HAMPIPORE, 22. CALICUT, 23. BANDA, 24. GHAZIABAD.

Under the general arrangement for the government of India (3rd and 4th William IV., cap. 85), the then existing Presidency of Bengal was to be divided into two Presidencies,—one retaining the previous name, the other to be called the Presidency of Agra. This plan, however, was not carried out; and by an act subsequently passed (5th and 6th William IV., cap. 52), power was given to the East India Company to suspend its operation, and to the governor-general in council to appoint, during such suspension, a lieutenant-governor of the north-west provinces, exercising his powers within an extent of territory to be defined by the authority from whom he received his appointment, and with such limitations as the same authority might deem fit. Agra is the seat of the government thus established, from which circumstance the officer administering it is usually styled the Lieutenant-Governor of Agra. In addition to the limits above defined, the jurisdiction of this functionary extends over some considerable tracts denominated the non-regulation districts, comprising the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, the Butty territory, the districts of Gurhwal, Ajmere, &c. By the Act of the Governor-General in council, dated the 9th of January 1858, Mutiny at Delhi and Meerut, or some portions thereof, were placed under the Chief Commissioner of the Punjab.

As the great mutiny of the Bengal army in 1857, though causes of extending in some instances to Lower Bengal, and other parts the sepoys of India, was chiefly confined to the north-west provinces, mutiny of the insertion of the present article seems to afford a fitting opportunity for giving a summary of the principal occurrences connected with that extraordinary event. At the commencement of the year just mentioned a degree of uneasiness was first observed in a brigade of native infantry stationed at Barrackpore, and the natives attached to the depot of musketry at Dum Dum, in the vicinity of Calcutta. A rumour had been insidiously spread that the sepoys were to be forced to embrace the Christian faith, and that as a prelude to the change, and with the view of entrapping the troops into a loss of caste, the government had given orders that the grease employed in the arsenal, in the manufacture of cartridges for the new Enfield rifle, should be composed of the fat of pigs and cows. In using this description of cartridge one end is bitten off previous to loading; and as the Mohammedan regards the hog as impure, while the Hindoo looks upon the cow as a sacred animal, it would be alike repugnant to the religious prejudices of both creeds to apply the new ammunition to the mouth. The rumour appears to have been first put in circulation at Dum Dum. At this place a low-caste Hindu meeting a Brahmin sepoy, attached to the depot of musketry, solicited a draught of water from his lotah or drinking-cup. The Brahmin refused, observing, "I have scoured my lotah, and you will defile it by your touch." "Caste!" was the taunting rejoinder, "you think much of your caste, but wait a little; you are all going to eat bullock's fat, and then what will become of your caste?" The news spread rapidly through the cantonment, and soon extended to Barrackpore. At both stations it produced a high degree of excitement. An investigation into the matter was forthwith instituted under the orders of the government. In the course of the inquiry it was ascertained that hog's lard did not in any way enter into the composition of the grease. At the same time, it could not be satisfactorily shown from what description of animal the tallow was obtained; and, as under this doubt it would have been impossible to convince the sepoys that the ingredients were of an inoffensive character, the government at once determined to remove all cause of objection by ordering the cartridges to be issued altogether free from grease. A notification was accordingly promulgated abolishing the use of fat in the composition; but as the application of some greasy substance was absolutely necessary for the purpose of lubricating the bore of the rifle, the men were directed to apply with their own hands whatever mixture they might prefer. The alleged grievance being thus promptly redressed, and a full explanation of the matter having been made by the commanding officers, both at Dum Dum and

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1 The address to the troops by Major-General Hearsey, commanding at Barrackpore, is remarkable for its manly and straightforward character. In a letter to the government, dated the 11th February 1857, he observes,—"I must mention that I had the whole brigade paraded on Monday afternoon, the 9th, and myself energetically and explicitly explained, in a loud voice, to the whole of the men the folly of the idea that possessed them, that the government or that their officers wished to interfere with their caste or religious prejudices, and impressed on them the absurdity of their for one moment believing that they were to be forced to become Christians. I told them the English were Christians of the right kind, that they were not proselytes but those who, being adults, could read and fully understand the precepts laid down therein; that if they did so, and then themselves down at our feet, imploring to be made "Book" Christians, it could not be done; they could not be baptised until they had extracted in the tracts of the Book, and proved themselves fully conversant in them, and then they must of their own goodwill and accord desire to become Christians of the Book era they could be made so. I asked them if they perfectly understood what I said, especially the 21 Grenadiers; they nodded assent: I then dismissed the brigade. I have since heard from officers commanding regiments, that their native officers and men appeared quite ("koosh") pleased, and seemed to be relieved from a heaviness of mind that had possessed them." Mutiny of Barrackpore, the sepoys appeared perfectly satisfied that no intention existed of interfering with their religious prejudices. Shortly afterwards, however, a similar spirit of discontent developed itself at Berhampore, a military cantonment near Moorshedabad. An escort party of the 34th native infantry from Barrackpore had made known to the sepoys of the 19th regiment native infantry stationed at Berhampore the objections which had been urged against the new cartridges by their comrades at Barrackpore and Dum Dum; and though they had been apprised of the remedial measures which had been adopted, a conviction seemed nevertheless to be gaining ground that the government were steadily bent upon making the sepoys lose caste by forcing them to handle impure things. The men were consequently ripe for outbreak. On the 26th of February the regiment was ordered to parade for exercise with blank ammunition. When the cartridges were about to be issued, the men, one and all, refused to receive them, upon the ground that the paper of which they were made was glossy, and when burned gave out a smell of animal fat. The plea was wholly without foundation. Upon being analyzed the paper proved to be free from all greasy or oily matter. Under these circumstances, it became obvious that any farther continuance in a conciliatory course would be most impolitic. From the moment that the main facts of the outbreak were established, every member of the government felt satisfied that no penalty short of the disbandment of the regiment would meet the case. A severe example, it was hoped, would have the effect of convincing the native troops that they would only bring ruin upon themselves by failing in their duty to the state, and in obedience to their officers. In this expectation the men were marched down to Barrackpore, where, on the 31st of March, the regiment was formally disbanded. The example was at first believed to have produced the desired effect; and it was asserted that a better spirit had begun to prevail among the native troops. But almost immediately after, a European detachment was hurried down from Dum Dum to Calcutta, where an alarm had broken out, upon its becoming known that two sepoys of the 2d regiment of native infantry, while on duty at the fort, had been detected in an attempt to bring over the guard of the Calcutta Mint. In the following month a sepoy, and one of the native officers of the 34th native infantry stationed at Barrackpore, were found guilty of mutiny, and sentenced to be hung; and on the 6th of May the general insubordination of the sepoys rendered it incumbent upon the government to disband and dismiss from the service seven companies of the same regiment quartered at that place.

At this juncture, moreover, information reached Calcutta of the mutinous conduct of the 7th regiment of the Oude irregular infantry at Lucknow.

These partial mutinies at Barrackpore, Fort William, Berhampore, and Lucknow, indicating a wide-spread spirit of disaffection, were but the forerunners of the general revolt of almost the entire native army of Bengal. About the middle of May, the startling intelligence reached Calcutta that the flame of insurrection had burst forth at Meerut and Delhi; that six regiments quartered in those cities, viz., the 11th and 20th native infantry, and the 3d light cavalry, at Meerut, and the 38th, 54th, and 7th native infantry at Delhi, had risen in open mutiny, and that the insurgents had seized and retained possession of the city of Delhi. The announcement excited an all-absorbing interest throughout all classes of the community. Every one felt that a crisis was at hand, demanding from those who were called upon to encounter it the exercise of a vigorous judgment, combined with the most resolute courage and the greatest promptitude of decision. The government were not slow in proving themselves equal to the occasion. A proclamation forthwith appeared, disavowing all intention on the part of the state to interfere with the caste or religion of its subjects; and this preliminary step being taken, Lord Canning proceeded to meet the emergency with all the energy and determination which we are wont to admire in the earlier history of our Indian conquests. The one great object was to procure European troops. For this purpose prompt measures were adopted for intercepting the military force then on its passage from England to China; earnest requisitions for reinforcements were simultaneously dispatched to the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and Great Britain; and these were followed by the most vigorous preparations for concentrating in the disturbed districts the scattered military resources of the empire. In the following narrative, an attempt is made to connect the leading events which mark the progress of this momentous outbreak.

Early in May 1857, the 3d regiment of Bengal light cavalry, stationed at Meerut, refused to continue the use of the old cartridges; none of the new ammunition, as already observed, having been issued to any native regiment. For this act of mutiny all the men of the regiment armed with carbines were tried by court-martial, and eighty-five of their number sentenced to imprisonment for ten years with hard labour. The sentence was read at a general parade of the troops on the 9th of May, and the prisoners, after being ironed on parade, were marched off to the jail. Two other native regiments, the 11th and the 20th infantry, were also quartered at Meerut; and on the following day, the 10th of May, the men of these corps broke out in open mutiny, and joined the disaffected light cavalry. Col. Finnis, of the 11th regiment, attempting to expostulate with the men, was shot by the insurgents of the 20th regiment. Several other British officers were then singled out as victims, and all Europeans—men, women, or children—upon whom the miscreants could lay hands, were ruthlessly murdered. The loss of life extended to about forty individuals. In the course of the night the mutineers,

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1 These were the old cartridges which the regiment were in the habit of using. It is, indeed, worthy of remark, that the new cartridges had been issued only to the musketry depots at Dum Dum, Umballah, &c., and not to any native regiment. They were adapted exclusively to the new Enfield rifle; and as the native regiments were armed hitherto with the common musket, it would have been useless to have issued them.

2 The proclamation ran as follows:—"The Governor-General of India in council has warned the army of Bengal, that the tales by which the men of certain regiments have been led to suspect that offence to their religion, or injury to their caste, is instigated by the Government of India, are malicious falsehoods. The Governor-General in council has learned that this suspicion continues to be propagated by designing and evil-minded men, not only in the army, but amongst other classes of the people. He knows that endeavours are made to persuade Hindus and Musalmans, soldiers and civil subjects, that their religion is threatened secretly, as well as openly, by the acts of the Government, and that the Government is seeking in various ways to entrap them into a loss of caste for purposes of its own. Some have been already deceived and led astray by these tales. Once more, then, the Governor-General in council warns all classes against the propagation of such tales. The Government of India has invariably treated the religious feelings of all its subjects with careful respect. The Governor-General in council has declared that it will never cease to do so. He now repeats that declaration, and he emphatically proclaims that the Government of India entertains no desire to interfere with their religious or caste, and that nothing has been or will be done by the government to affect the free exercise of the observances of religion or caste by every class of the people. The Government of India has never deceived its subjects. Therefore the Governor-General in council now calls upon them to refuse their belief to seditious lies. This notice is addressed to those who hitherto, by habitual loyalty and orderly conduct, have shown their attachment to the government, and a well-founded faith in its protection and justice. The Governor-General in council enjoins all such persons to pause before they listen to false guides and traitors, who would lead them into danger and disgrace." Many of having previously rescued the eighty-five prisoners of the light cavalry who had been sentenced to hard labour, and having fired the cantonments, retired in the direction of Delhi.

This place the mutineers reached on the 11th. Crossing the Jumna by the bridge of boats, they made direct for the palace of the king, where, being promptly admitted, they saluted forth into the town. Here they were met by the Delhi troops, consisting of the 38th, the 54th, and the 74th native infantry. Both parties evidently understood each other. The three regiments at once fraternized with the rebels. This being done, they turned upon their officers, many of whom they shot or cut down; then continuing the career of atrocity commenced at Meerut, they proceeded to murder all Europeans wherever they could be found. The number who thus perished is said to have been very great. The next step of the mutineers was to take possession of the fort and city, and to secure the bridge of boats over the river. Lieutenant Willoughby, the commissary of ordnance, held charge of the magazine, and finding that the rebels were escalading the walls by means of ladders, which had been supplied from the palace, gallantly blew up the building. Unhappily, this heroic soldier received severe injuries, and did not long survive the daring act. All the Europeans within the palace were slaughtered with the concurrence, if not by order of the king; and the restoration of the house of Timour was proclaimed. Delhi, thus captured, remained in the occupation of the mutineers; and no inconsiderable portion of the Bengal army was now arrayed in armed resistance against the lawful rulers of the country. On the part of the British, it was felt that the prompt recapture of the city was of the first importance, it being obvious that the preservation of order throughout the north-west provinces was mainly dependent upon the early and signal discomfiture of the rebels. Delay, however, was unavoidable. The commander-in-chief, General Anson, hastening down to Delhi from the hill station of Simla, reached Kunnaul on the 25th of May, where he was attacked by cholera, and fell a victim to the disease on the 27th of May. Upon this the command of the army devolved upon Major-General Sir H. Barnard, who, having been joined by the troops of the Rajahs of Jheend and Patteela, moved on towards Delhi, and reached Allipore, 10 miles from the city, on the 5th of June. Before, however, the new commander could reach the captured city, the insurgents saluted forth in great force, and attacked a portion of the troops from Meerut under Brigadier-General Wilson, at Ghazoo-ood-deen Nuggur. The attack was made on the 30th of May, and repeated on the 31st; but the assailants were thoroughly beaten and dispersed, leaving behind them five guns, and large stores of ammunition. Our loss on the two occasions amounted to 23 killed and 31 wounded. On the 8th of June, General Barnard advanced from Allipore, and being joined by Brigadier Wilson, made a spirited attack upon the enemy's entrenched outposts at Badlee-ke-serai, captured the heights in front of Delhi, together with 26 guns, and drove the rebels, dispirited, within the walls of the city. The position thus secured by the British extended from the river on the left, along the ridge facing the north side of the city as far as the Subzee Mundee suburb on the right, where the hilly ridge terminates; the distance from the city walls averaging from 1200 to 1500 yards. On this occasion a most determined resistance was shown by the enemy, and the loss of the British was no less than 51 killed and 134 wounded or missing, with 63 horses. Next day, and again on the 10th and the 11th, the enemy attacked the British position, but were repulsed, and retreated within the city. On the 12th a very serious attack was made by the mutineers on the flagstaff piquet, nearly in the centre of the British position, and a few hours afterwards, at the Subzee Mundee, on the British extreme right. The 60th native infantry, which had been detached to Rohatuck, and had there mutinied and joined the insurgents Mutiny of at Delhi, suffered much in this encounter. An assault upon the city had been arranged for the 13th of June, but owing to the mistake of a superior officer in delaying to withdraw the picquets—without which the columns of attack would have been too weak—was abandoned. On the 15th the rebels again made a sortie, attacked the Metcalfe piquet, and tried to turn the left flank of the British, but after a sharp action, were repulsed with great loss. On the 17th the enemy opened a very heavy cannonade to cover some batteries they were constructing. A single shot fired by them killed Ensign Wheatley of the 54th native infantry, and killed or wounded nine men. At 4 p.m. Majors Tombs and Reid led two columns to the attack of the works the rebels had just commenced, and destroyed them, losing only 18 killed and wounded. On this day the mutineers were reinforced by the Nussereabad brigade, consisting of the 2d company 7th battalion artillery, No. 6 horse battery, the 15th and 30th native infantry, and a few troopers of the 1st Bombay lancers. On the 19th the enemy attacked the British position in great force, a very large body of them having got in the rear of it. The action lasted till late at night, and was renewed next morning. It ended in the retreat of the rebels, but the British loss was 10 officers, 89 men, and 60 horses killed, wounded, or missing. Lieutenant-Colonel Yule, of the 9th lancers, was among the killed. On the 21st the rebels were joined by the 6th light cavalry, the 3d, 36th, and 61st native infantry from Jullundur and Phillour. On the 23d of June, being the centenary of Plassey, the rebels made a determined sortie, which was not repulsed without severe loss to the British. A gun was disabled, and 4 officers and 156 men were killed or wounded. On the 27th, and again on the 30th, sorties were made, which the British repulsed, with the loss to themselves of 62 killed and wounded on the first occasion, and 46 on the second; but they were now joined by fresh troops, which, on the 3d of July, made up the besieging army to 6600 men of all arms. It was now again proposed to attempt to take the city by a coup de main; but the idea was again abandoned. On the 1st and 2d of July, the 8th irregular cavalry, the 18th, 28th, 29th, and 68th native infantry, No. 15 horse battery, and two 6-pounders, from Rohilcund, marched into the city across the bridge of boats. On the 3d the rebels moved a force of several thousand men against Allipore, which they plundered; but next day the plunder was retaken by Major Coke after a sharp skirmish. Further attacks were made by the rebels on the 4th and 9th of July, in the last of which the British loss amounted to 211 killed and wounded.

General Barnard was attacked with cholera, and died on the morning of the 5th. The vacancy was supplied by General Reed; but before the close of the month this officer also was compelled, by severe illness, to hand over the chief command to General Wilson. On the 9th the enemy made a spirited sortie, and 100 of their horse charged right into camp, cutting down Lieutenant Hills and some camp followers. At the Subzee Mundee the fire was very hot. The total British loss was 9 officers and 214 men killed and wounded. In spite of past defeats the mutineers, on the 14th of July, made a bold attempt to capture the British batteries. The attempt proved abortive; but so fierce was the onset that the assailants inflicted a loss upon their opponents of 16 officers, including Brigadier Chamberlain, and 194 men killed and wounded. On the 18th the last serious engagement in the Subzee Mundee took place, when the total of British casualties was 11 officers and 80 men. The British works were henceforward so complete in this place that the enemy could effect nothing. Again, on the 23d, the rebels came out in considerable strength, and moved upon the British position at the Metcalfe battery. Here they were taken in flank by a force under Brigadier Showers, and put to precipitate flight. A lull of a few days succeeded; but on the 31st of July, the anniversary of the Mohammedan festival, styled "Buckree Eed," the enemy poured out in great force, and commenced a general attack upon the advanced posts of the British. The contest was continued without intermission, day and night, until the morning of the 2d of August. Never before had the rebels displayed so great an amount of determination. Although their courage invariably failed them when about to make the final rush, yet never before had they so closely approached the British breastworks. Throughout this prolonged encounter, the British, well under cover, inflicted terrible punishment upon the enemy, with slight loss to themselves; and when, about noon on the 2d, the rebels drew off the dead and wounded, who lay in heaps before the British works, of the British only 46 of all ranks were wounded. A few days later (12th of August), a battery which had been opened by the enemy outside the walls, bearing upon the point known as Metcalfe House, was captured by a force under Brigadier Showers, who was severely wounded. In this gallant affair the casualties among the British extended to 117 killed and wounded; many of the latter, however, were but slightly injured. It may be here stated that, inclusive of three or four minor contests which it has not been thought necessary to notice, the number of engagements fought in front of Delhi from the date of the insurrection to the commencement of August, amounted to no less than twenty-three. In these the aggregate loss of the British was 318 killed and 1062 wounded. Of the former, 22 were officers and 296 privates; and of the latter, 72 were officers, the remainder consisting of rank and file. With respect to the mutineers, though their losses from their multiplied defeats must have been enormous, still their numerical strength was throughout far superior to the English; for, in addition to the reinforcements already mentioned, they had received a wing of the 12th native infantry, the 14th irregular cavalry, and half No. 18 light field battery from Jhansi, and the Neemuch brigade—viz., a troop of horse artillery, a wing of the 1st light cavalry, the 72d native infantry, the 7th Gwalior contingent, and the cavalry and infantry of the Kotah contingent, which arrived late in July, besides many smaller bodies.

After the fruitless attempt of the 1st of August, the enemy appear to have lost all hope of dislodging the British, and for upwards of three weeks remained comparatively inactive, under shelter of their fortifications. On the 8th of August Brigadier Nicholson arrived in the camp with a strong brigade from the Punjab, bringing up the strength of the English army to 8122 rank and file, besides 1535 sick, and 304 wounded. On the 13th a body of the enemy's cavalry left Delhi by the Nujufgurh road, with a view, it was thought, of interrupting the British communications with the Punjab. Several parties of them were cut up by Lieutenant Hodgson with his horse and the guide cavalry, and he returned to camp on the 22d. On the 24th a strong column of the rebels with 18 guns, proceeded in the Bahadurgurh direction, to intercept the field-train coming to the British camp from Ferozepore. General Wilson, penetrating the design, despatched a force in pursuit, under Brigadier Nicholson, who came up with the rebels on the 26th, posted at Nujufgurh. Here he attacked them with great success, captured all their guns, and drove them back broken and dispirited to Delhi. Their loss was estimated at between 300 and 400; that of the British was 95 killed and wounded. On the morning of the 27th a sortie was made from Delhi, under the impression that the British force was much weakened by the despatch of the force under Brigadier Nicholson, who had not yet returned; but the attack was easily repulsed.

By the 6th of September, all the British reinforcements that could be looked for, together with the siege-train, had arrived. It was now determined to commence regular siege operations, and the effective force for that purpose amounted to 8748 men. There were besides in hospital 2977. The Europeans were—of artillery, 580; cavalry, 448; infantry, 2294. There were also the Cashmere contingent of 2200 men with 4 guns, and some hundred men under the Jhescend Rajah.1

The north face, from which side the stronghold of the rebels was to be attacked, comprised the Moree, Cashmere, and Water bastions, with the curtain-walls connecting them. Four batteries armed with heavy guns having been established in commanding positions, and within a short distance of the walls, the bombardment commenced on the 11th of September. In planning the attack one great object kept in view was to divert attention from the real point of the intended assault, and in this the British commander completely succeeded, the enemy obviously concluding, from their preparations that the attack was to be made from a point more to the right. On the night of the 13th two breaches near the Cashmere and Water bastions being examined by the engineers, and pronounced practicable, orders for the assault were issued to take place at daylight the following morning. The arrangements for the storming, which was to be made by four columns and a reserve, were as follows:—1st column, Brigadier-General Nicholson,—Her Majesty's 75th regiment, 1st Bengal fusiliers, and 2d Punjab infantry: to storm the breach near the Cashmere bastion, and escalade the face of the bastion. 2d column, Brigadier Jones, C.B.—Her Majesty's 8th regiment, the 2d European Bengal fusiliers, and 4th Sikh infantry: to storm the breach in the Water Bastion. 3d column, Colonel Campbell,—Her Majesty's 52d regiment, the Kumaon battalion, and 1st Punjab infantry: to assault by the Cashmere gate after it should be blown open. 4th column, Major Reid,—Detachment of European regiments, Sirmore battalion, Guide infantry, and detachment of Dogras: to attack the suburb Kisengunge, and enter the Lahore gate. 5th column, Brigadier Longfield,—Her Majesty's 60th Rifles, Kumaon battalion, and 4th Punjab infantry: the reserve.

At four o'clock A.M. the several columns were marched to their respective positions, the heads of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 being concealed until the moment for action should arrive. The signal for the assault was to be the advance of the Rifles to the front to cover the heads of the columns by skirmishing. Upon the word of command being given, the Rifles dashed to the front with a shout, skirmishing along and through the low jungle which extended to within 50 yards of the ditch. At the same moment Nos. 1 and 2 columns, the one headed by General Nicholson and the other by Brigadier Jones, and consisting respectively of 950 and 850 men, emerged from the Koodsee Bagh, their place of concealment, and steadily advanced towards the breaches. On attaining the open space they were met from the front and both flanks by a storm of bullets, and officers and men fell fast on the crest of the glacis. For ten minutes it was found impossible to get the ladders down into the ditch, but the resolution of the British soldier carried all before it. The scarp was ascended, and with a cheer and a rush both breaches were won, and the enemy fled in confusion. In the meantime the third column, consisting of 950 men under Colonel Campbell of Her Majesty's 52d light infantry, made direct for the Cashmere gate, preceded by the explosion party under Lieutenants Home and Salkeld of the en-

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1 The British troops actually engaged in the recapture of the city amounted to 2100 men. This little band, advancing in broad daylight to the gateway in the teeth of a sharp fire of musketry, coolly proceeded to adjust the powder bags. During the daring enterprise Lieutenant Salkeld received two gunshot wounds. His first shot was through the arm; notwithstanding this he went on to the gate, and while assisting in fastening the bags on the spikes, he was shot through the thigh, and fell. Sergeant Carmichael stepping forward to fire the train, was shot dead. Sergeant Burgess then made the attempt with better success, but paid for it with his life. Sergeant Smith, believing that Burgess had also failed, sprang forward, but seeing the train alight, threw himself into the ditch, and escaped the effects of the explosion. A tremendous crash announced that the gate was blown in, and the 3d column rushed to the assault, and entered the town at ten o'clock, just as the 1st and 2d columns had won the breaches.

To four of the little band of heroes who accomplished the destruction of the gate the Victoria cross was afterwards awarded, viz., to Lieutenants Home and Salkeld, of whom the former was killed on the 1st of October by the premature explosion of a mine in destroying the fort of Malagurh, and the latter died of his wounds received at Delhi. The other two on whom the cross was bestowed were Sergeant Smith and a soldier of Her Majesty's 52d, who bound up Lieutenant Salkeld's wounds. General Nicholson having formed the troops within the walls, directed his advance along the ramparts, occupying the defences as far as the Moree bastion. Here, while endeavouring to penetrate still further in the direction of the Lahore gate, this most able, zealous, and gallant soldier, whose exploits during the Afghan and Sikh wars, and recent victory at Nujufgurh, had covered him with glory, received a wound at the head of the advancing column, which, on the 23d of September, terminated in his death. Unhappily the 4th column, which had been destined to carry the suburb of Kishengunge and enter the Lahore gate, failed in the enterprise. The principal loss sustained by the assailants was due to the obstinate resistance they met with in clearing the way from the Moree bastion to the Caubul gate, in a vain attempt to take the Burn bastion, and in the repulse at Kishengunge. On the day of the assault alone the loss amounted to 1104 men killed and wounded, and 66 officers, exclusive of the losses of the Cashmere contingent, or Dogras, who were completely routed by the rebels, and fell back to camp, leaving four guns in the hands of the enemy. The loss of the enemy is given at 1500 men. A permanent lodgement having been now effected, preparations were made on the 16th for shelling the rebels out of the palace, the fort of Selimgurh, and the other strong positions of the city. At dawn on the 16th the magazine was stormed. In it were captured 125 pieces of cannon. The palace now lying well exposed from this point, the guns opened upon it from the enclosure. The Kishengunge battery, which had repulsed the 4th column, was now evacuated by the enemy, and the guns there taken swelled the number of captured pieces to 200. On the 16th a chain of posts had been established from the Lahore gate to the magazine, and on the 19th the line was advanced to the Chandnee Chowk, the principal street of the city. By the last mentioned day the resistance of the mutineers had become less decided; and in the evening of that day the Burn bastion was captured by surprise, and early next morning the Lahore gate and Garstin bastion were taken and held. At length the enemy maintained only a desultory warfare from the tops of the houses; and on the 20th of September, after an arduous struggle, continued during seven days, the labour of the gallant troops were crowned with complete success, and the city of Delhi was once more in the exclusive possession of the British. Large bodies of the mutineers effected a timely escape. Among the fugitives were the king of Delhi and his two sons and grandson. The royal party fled in disguise along the road south of the city, the king being accompanied by his favourite wife the Begum Zeenut Mahal, "the Ornamant of the Palace." On the 21st of September the king surrendered to Captain Hodson, who succeeded also in capturing his two sons, Mirza Mogul and Mirza Khizr Sultan, together with his grandson, Mirza Abu Bukr, at the tomb of Humayoon, about 5 miles from Delhi. The life of the king, now nearly ninety years of age, has been spared, and he may be safely allowed to pass the remainder of his days in peaceful exile. Not so the younger princes of the family. His sons and grandson, who were known to have taken an active part in the rebellion, on being taxed with their guilt, craved for mercy. But stern justice alone was to be dealt to them, and they were at once sentenced to be shot. Their execution took place at the Delhi gate on the 22d September. After the recapture of the city, General Wilson, then suffering from severe illness, resigned the command of the field force to General Penny, who, on the morning of the 24th of September, despatched Lieutenant Colonel Greathed of Her Majesty's 8th regiment, with a strong moveable column to clear the Doab, and endeavour to open communications with General Havelock at Cawnpore.

Cawnpore, one of the great military stations of the East India Company, is situated on the right or western bank of the Ganges, immediately opposite to the territory of Oude. In the spring of 1857, the military quartered here consisted of three regiments of native infantry and one of native cavalry, together with a detachment of Her Majesty's 84th regiment. For some weeks previous to the outbreak, the native troops were known to have largely participated in the general excitement caused by the insidious rumours regarding the defiled cartridges. Symptoms of insubordination had been manifested from time to time in the ranks; and at length, on the night of the 4th of June, the 1st regiment of infantry and the 2d light cavalry rose in open mutiny. At their head appeared a Hindoo rajah known as Nana Sahib. This monster in human form was the adopted son of the late ex-Peshwa, Bajee Rao of Poona, and as such he had laid claim to the reversion of the pension which the latter enjoyed from the British. His pretensions, however, were overruled by the government, and his subsequent atrocities would thence appear to have been prompted by personal resentment. Nana had been on terms of intimacy with most of the British officers at Cawnpore. He spoke English, possessed a smattering of European literature, and was regarded by those who knew him as shrewd and intelligent. Before the mutiny broke out, and while the authorities were temporizing in the hope that the recapture of Delhi would restore peace and order, Nana proposed to strengthen the garrison of Cawnpore by the addition of his own troops. His offer was accepted, and about 300 or 400 men were brought down from his castle at Bitloor, and located near the magazine. At the same time he invited the officers to send their wives and children to Bitloor as a place of safety. On the 4th of June, when the mutiny broke out, Nana placed himself at the head of the rebels, saying "I came in appearance to help the British, but am at heart their mortal enemy." On the following day the 53d and 56th regiments renounced their allegiance, and joined the mutineers. Nana was not slow in proving himself the fitting commander of the rebel force. An alarm having broken out at Futtygurh, a military station situate about 70 miles above Cawnpore, a party of 132 Europeans, consisting of men, women, and children, hurriedly quitted that place in boats, and were proceeding down the river towards Allahabad. Upon arriving off Bitloor, Nana opened fire upon them. An order was then given to board the boats, which being done, the fugitives were seized and dragged to the parade-ground at Cawnpore, where the whole party were barbarously murdered. In the meantime the British force at Cawnpore had taken refuge, together with the women and children, within an entrenched camp under the command of Sir Hugh Wheeler. Here, though besieged by a force 5000 strong, the garrison succeeded in repelling every attack, and, moreover, frequently sallied out from the intrenchments to disperse the rebels. In one of these sorties their gallant leader was severely wounded, and his little band, dispirited by the disaster, worn out by constant watching, enfeebled from want of food, and encumbered moreover with a number of women and children, were induced to surrender, upon receiving the solemn promise of Nana that they should be allowed to withdraw with the whole of the European population to Allahabad. The capitulation was made out on the 1st of July. Upon giving up the treasure, with the guns and ammunition, the garrison with their followers were permitted to embark. But the moment had now arrived for carrying out Nana's meditated treachery. He had never intended that his victims should be allowed to escape. No sooner had the boats loosened from the shore than a fire of artillery was treacherously opened upon them. The boats, with one exception, were then brought back, and the surviving occupants once more landed, when Nana, in spite of his solemn pledge, issued his mandate for the indiscriminate massacre of the male portion of the prisoners. The boat containing General Wheeler does not appear to have been captured until nearly 22 miles below Cawnpore, when it was stopped, and all on board carried prisoners to Nana. Amongst them, besides the veteran commander, who was severely wounded, were Dr Harris and Captain Mackenzie. Their arms had been tied, and thus bound they were led off to execution. All met death bravely. Dr Harris fell saying that his countrymen would revenge his death. Lieutenants Henry Delafose and Morbey Thomson, both of the 53rd native infantry, had escaped from the advancing boat by swimming. The women and children, in receiving a short respite, were but spared for a worse fate than instant death. For some days they were kept in the most agonizing suspense, and on the eve of the battle of Cawnpore all were barbarously murdered. The number of Europeans thus slaughtered between the 1st and the 15th July amounted in the aggregate to 868, and consisted of 88 officers, 190 rank and file of Her Majesty's 84th foot; 70 ladies, 120 women and children of Her Majesty's 32d foot, and 400 of the European population of the town, including civilians, merchants, shopkeepers, and others. If to these be added the number of fugitives who were intercepted in coming down the river from Futtyghur, the total number butchered by Nana amounts to no less than 1000 Europeans.

The relief of Cawnpore had been intrusted to Brigadier-General Havelock. This officer reached Allahabad on the 30th of June. At this time the relieving force under his command was composed of two European regiments recently withdrawn from Persia—viz., the 64th and the 78th, mustering together 1100 or 1200 bayonets. Moving on from Allahabad on the 4th of July, the general was joined by a small detachment under Major Renaud. With the combined force, which, inclusive of 561 native soldiers, counted in all but 1964 men, the general, on the 12th of July, encountered the rebels, amounting to 3500, with 12 guns, at Futtehapore, situated midway between Cawnpore and Allahabad, and put them to complete rout, capturing all their guns. The loss of the British was, perhaps, the lightest that ever attended such signal success. It amounted to no more than 6 sepoys killed, and 8 wounded and missing. General Havelock pursued the enemy in the direction of Cawnpore. On the 15th he again attacked the rebels in their entrenched position, close to the village of Osung, capturing four more of their guns; and on the 16th he signally defeated Nana Sahib in front of Cawnpore. At this place the enemy were posted behind a succession of villages, where a determined stand was to be made. The Mutiny of fight was most stubborn, and every inch of ground was resolvedly disputed during the space of nearly three hours. At length the fate of the day was decided by a flank movement of the 78th Highlanders, turning Nana Sahib's left. "I never," says an eye-witness, "saw anything so fine." The men of the 78th went on, with sloped arms, like a wall, Till within 100 yards not a shot was fired. At the word 'charge,' they broke just like an eager pack of hounds, and the village was taken in an instant." Cawnpore now lay open to the British. The rebel chief retired in the direction of Bithoor, blowing up the magazine previous to his retreat. In this engagement the loss of the British was not inconsiderable, amounting to 70 killed and wounded out of a force falling short of 2000 men. This force, however, it must be borne in mind, had been opposed to 6000 mutinous sepoys, armed and disciplined after the English fashion. Upon entering Cawnpore on the following morning, the extent of the frightful catastrophe which had befallen the British garrison and the European residents first became fully known. A wholesale massacre had been perpetrated by Nana Sahib. The site was a paved courtyard. One writer describing the scene, observes—"The blood was two inches deep upon the pavement; and from the report we got from the residents, it appears that after we had beaten the enemy on the previous evening, the sepoys entered the place where the unhappy victims were confined, killed all the ladies, threw their naked bodies into a well, and hurled down the children alive upon their butchering mothers. I saw it, and it was an awful sight." Long tresses of hair, torn bibles and prayer-books, work-boxes and unfinished work, scattered about the red floor, told too well the harrowing tale. Two or three only of the captives, who had been concealed by their native servants, contrived to escape. The daughter of Sir Hugh Wheeler perished among the victims. This heroic lady, who appears to have inherited the indomitable spirit of her father, is stated to have shot five of the fiends with a revolver before they could get sufficiently near to her to cut her down. Another lady, previous to her death, is declared to have avenged herself by destroying the ruffian who had carried her off, and who probably destined her for outrage. Upon reaching Bithoor in pursuit of the flying enemy, it was found that Nana had just evacuated the village, and the British commander was obliged to content himself with burning the palace of the rebel and bringing away the guns. General Havelock then crossed the Ganges into Oude, on his march to Lucknow, leaving General Neill in charge of Cawnpore. On the 28th July, he twice attacked the rebels, and defeated them in both engagements. Arriving at Oosun on the 29th, he found the place defended by 10,000 of the insurgent troops, including a portion of Nana Sahib's force. The village had been strongly fortified, and every house was loopholed. But the assault of the British was irresistible, and the enemy retreated, leaving behind them their guns. After a halt of four hours, the indefatigable and victorious commander pushed on for Futtehapore Chowrasee, distant about 30 miles from Lucknow. Here a desperate engagement ensued, which resulted in the capture of the town—the rebels withdrawing in the direction of Lucknow. On this occasion the British sustained a loss of 88 killed and wounded. After advancing still nearer to Lucknow, and fighting another battle, in which the British, though as usual victorious, incurred a loss of 85 killed and wounded, General Havelock had the mortification to find that farther progress was for the present impracticable. A body of the rebels, 25,000 strong, were posted in an entrenched position in his front; cholera was making its appearance in his small force, which had been already materially reduced by incessant combats and successive victories. The strength of the little band had indeed been overtaxed. It had gained more victories than had ever before been won in so short a time; but its numbers were now reduced below 900 men. In these circumstances, General Havelock, convinced of the impossibility of penetrating the thick masses of the insurgents, deemed it incumbent upon him to pause on his triumphant career, and to fall back upon Cawnpore. A retreat was accordingly commenced. The rebels, taking heart, closely followed in the rear, and advanced as far as Nawabgunge. Here the British commander, nowise daunted by the enemy's superiority of numbers, once more halted to give them battle. Again he was victorious; and, having added two more of the enemy's guns to his previous trophies, he leisurely crossed the Ganges, and on the 13th August rejoined General Neill at Cawnpore. Such a series of gallant exploits forms a brilliant episode in Indian history. The battles of Cawnpore and Oomao lose nothing of their brilliancy, even when compared with the victories of Clive and Wellesley. Having rested for a few days at Cawnpore, General Havelock marched a second time to Bithoor, where it was understood that the rebels, about 4000 strong, were posted with two guns. Here, on the 16th of August, with a force mustering 1300 men and 14 guns, he again encountered them; and, after an obstinate engagement, in which the enemy lost 250 killed and wounded, drove them from their position and captured their guns. The British loss was 14 killed and 30 wounded. General Havelock then determined to return to Cawnpore, there to await the arrival of reinforcements before advancing again upon Lucknow.

At Lucknow, the capital of Oude, as early as the 3rd of May, the men of the 7th regiment of the Oude irregular infantry had mutinied. The city was held by Sir Henry Lawrence, one of the ablest and bravest officers of the Indian army. No time was lost in disarming the regiment. A strict investigation was then instituted; at the close of which it was deemed sufficient to dismiss the greater number of the native officers of the regiment, together with a few of the sepoys, and to overlook the conduct of the remainder. These conciliatory measures failed to produce a better feeling in the other regiments stationed at Lucknow. On the 30th of May an outbreak occurred, when about one-half of the men of the 48th and 71st native infantry, and some few of the 13th native infantry, with two troops of the 7th light cavalry, rose in insurrection. A sharp encounter followed, in which the mutineers sustained considerable loss, but the greater portion contrived to elude pursuit in the direction of Seetapore. The example thus set at Lucknow was promptly followed at every military station throughout the province. The troops at Seetapore mutinied on the 4th of June; those at Fyzabad and Secora on the 8th; at Sultanpore and Pertanburgh on the 8th; at Pershadeepore on the 10th; and at Burraich and Gonda at dates not given. The regiments at these several stations consisted of two field batteries, two regiments of cavalry, and ten regiments of infantry. From Sultanpore, the 15th Oude irregular cavalry and the 8th irregular infantry, started at once for Delhi. It is worthy of remark, that at Fyzabad the mutiny was marked rather by the generous spirit of Europe, than by the barbarous customs of the East. Here the men after mutinying, actually saluted their officers, and placed the ladies under protection. All the outposts of Oude being thus lost, the mutineers gradually closed in upon Lucknow. The position of Lawrence was now becoming critical. His European force, the only one to be depended upon, was fearfully small. It consisted of 510 men of Her Majesty's 32d foot; and within the intrenchments there were no less than 350 women and children. Three positions only were held by the British,—the Residency, the Meeche Bhawan, and the cantonments. These were greatly strengthened, and the remaining military posts within the city were all abandoned. On the 30th of June, Sir H. Lawrence having learned, by a reconnoissance made on the previous day, that the rebel army were assembling at Chinnutt, about 10 miles from Lucknow, marched thither with 300 of Her Majesty's 32d, 150 of the 13th native infantry, 100 of the 48th and 71st, 125 Sikh horse, 80 mounted Europeans, 300 police, and 41 guns, of which 6 were manned by natives. On reaching the village of Chinnutt, he found the enemy to the number of 15,000 men, with 36 guns prepared to receive him. At the first shot the police went over in a body, and the native gunners, cutting the traces, galloped over to the enemy, or back to Lucknow. The rest of the force displayed prodigies of valour, natives vying with Europeans in daring acts; but overpowered by numbers, the whole body were compelled to retreat to the Residency at Lucknow, leaving 118 European officers and men killed, and 182 natives killed and missing, besides 54 Europeans and 11 natives wounded. The death of Colonel Case, commanding the 32d regiment, who fell at the head of his men, deserves to be recorded. Captain Bassano seeing him fall, went up to assist him. "Leave me to die here," were the words of the wounded hero; "your place is at the head of your company. I have no need of assistance." From the moment the force re-entered the Residency, the siege of that place commenced. On the 2nd of July Sir H. Lawrence was wounded by a fragment of a shell; and after suffering amputation of the leg, died on the morning of the 4th, having nominated Major Banks to succeed him as chief commissioner and commandant. On the 20th of July the enemy, in vast numbers attempted to storm, but were repulsed with the loss of 1000 men. Next day Major Banks was killed, and was succeeded by Brigadier Inglis, who continued the gallant defence, and repulsed several attempts to storm, of which one on the 10th of August, and another on the 5th of September, were the most spirited. On the 25th of September, Generals Outram and Havelock, with a force originally consisting of 2500 men, cut their way to the Residency, and it becomes requisite, therefore, to return to the operations under Havelock at Cawnpore.

After the second battle of Bithoor, fought on the 16th of August, General Havelock, as above noticed, retraced his steps to Cawnpore, where he expected to be reinforced by fresh succours from Calcutta. Here, on the 14th September he was joined by a force under General Outram, who, though the superior officer, determined with chivalrous generosity to waive his rank on the occasion, and to leave to General Havelock the glory of relieving Lucknow, and rescuing its gallant and enduring garrison. In accordance with this determination, Sir James merely accompanied the force to Lucknow, in his civil capacity, as chief commissioner of Oude, at the same time tendering his military services to the general as a volunteer. On the 19th, General Havelock having formed his little army into two brigades,—of which the first consisted of Her Majesty's 5th fusiliers, the 64th and 84th regiments, the 1st Madras fusiliers, Captain Maude's troop of horse artillery, and 150 European volunteer cavalry; and the second of Her Majesty's 78th Highlanders, the 90th light infantry, Captain Olphert's horse battery, and some irregular horse,—crossed the Ganges into Oude; and on the 21st attacked the rebels at Mungarwar, and drove them from their position, capturing four guns, two of which, together with the colours of the 1st Bengal native infantry, were taken by the volunteer cavalry in a charge headed by Sir James Outram. The loss of the British was trifling.

On the 21st of September the indefatigable general accomplished a march of 14 miles, and one of 20 miles on the 22d, at the termination of which the firing at Lucknow was distinctly heard. A royal salute was then ordered by General Havelock to be fired to announce his approach to the garrison. On the 25th the British force, skirting the city, forced its way to the Residency against enormous numbers of the enemy, and with the loss of 550 officers and men; Brigadier Neill and Colonel Bazeley being among the killed, and Sir J. Outram being wounded.

It was now found that although, by a display of courage which has never been surpassed, the relieving army had made its way to the Residency, it was altogether too weak to remove the besieged, of whom the greater part were sick and wounded, and women and children. On the contrary, Generals Outram and Havelock were now themselves besieged, and their communications even with Alum-bagh, where they had left their baggage with a guard of 300 men, were entirely cut off. At a short distance from the Residency, in the palace called the Kaiserbagh, were eight European prisoners, Sir M. Jackson, C.S., and his sister; Captain P. Orr, his wife, and child; Lieutenant Burnes, Sergeant Norton, and Miss Christian; but nothing could be done to relieve them, and all the males were subsequently blown from guns by the rebels. Every day desperate conflicts took place in the inclosure to clear the buildings surrounding the Residency. Sir J. Outram had now taken command; and on the 26th of September ordered a sortie, under Lieutenant Lowe, who cleared the Captan ka Bazar, to the east of the Residency, of the enemy, and took 7 guns, but with the loss of Captain Hughes and 2 men killed, and 2 officers and 8 men wounded. On the 27th a second sortie was made in much greater force against the enemy's Garden battery to the S.W. of the Residency, which succeeded in destroying the battery, but with the loss of 10 killed and 11 wounded. On the 29th three sorties were made, in which Major Simmons, Captain McCabe, and a gentleman volunteer of distinguished gallantry, Mr Lucas, were killed, and about 50 others killed and wounded. On the 1st of October Colonel Napier made a very successful sortie, with trifling loss. In this manner such offensive operations as the smallness of General Outram's force would permit were continued till the 16th of November, when a determined and successful sortie was made in the direction of the Kaiserbagh to aid the advance of Sir C. Campbell, who, with a force of about 4000 men, had advanced from Cawnpore upon Lucknow. Simultaneously with the sortie Sir Colin reached the Secunderbagh, a palace on the E. of the city, and S.E. of the Residency, filled with sepoys, and protected by the fire from a large mosque, called Shali Nujjuf, a little to the N., and nearer the Residency. Here a terrific combat raged for three hours, when both places were at length taken, the latter chiefly by means of the 68-pounders of the naval brigade, commanded by Captain Peel. In the Secunderbagh alone 2000 corpses of the enemy were counted. On the 17th other defences of the enemy, between the Residency and the buildings just mentioned, were carried; and on the afternoon of that day, under a heavy fire, Generals Outram and Havelock advanced and met Sir C. Campbell. While Havelock was addressing his deliverers, his son was struck down close to him by a ball, but he continued his harangue, and did not turn to inquire the nature of the wound until he had concluded his address. In these operations 10 officers and 112 men were killed, and 33 officers and 312 men wounded. The long-beleaguered garrison of Lucknow was saved; but the numbers of the enemy were still so great that it was necessary to evacuate the Residency, and retire upon Cawnpore, without making any attempt to take the city. At midnight on the 22d of November the evacuation was noiselessly effected, most part of the effects belonging to the garrison being left behind; and so little was the retreat suspected by the enemy, that they continued to fire on the Residency long after it was deserted, so well had the operation been planned and carried out by General Outram. On the 25th of November General Havelock died of dysentery at Dilkusha, a palace and park to the S. of the city. On the 27th Sir C. Mutiny of Campbell received intimation from General Windham, whom he had left to defend Cawnpore, that his position had been attacked by overwhelming numbers of the rebels. Sir Colin therefore hastened back to Cawnpore with the utmost speed, and arrived just in time to save the bridge of boats from being destroyed by the enemy, who were in possession of the town, had completely surrounded General Windham, and had brought some guns to bear on the bridge. Their army, estimated at 20,000 men, consisted of the whole Gwalior contingent, comprising four batteries of artillery, two regiments of cavalry, and seven of infantry, and the forces under Nana Sahib and Koer Singh. On the 24th of November the vanguard had approached Cawnpore so close that General Windham resolved to advance to meet them, which he did on the 26th at the Pandu Nadee. After a sharp action he defeated them, and took 3 guns, losing 7 officers and 50 rank and file killed and wounded. Then, instead of retiring upon Cawnpore, he encamped in dangerous ground, amid thick jungle, where he was attacked next day, and, after a murderous conflict, driven into his intrenchments, the enemy occupying Cawnpore, which they plundered, setting fire to many of the public buildings. On the 28th Sir C. Campbell arrived, and extricated General Windham from his perilous position, surrounded by an infuriated enemy, without supplies, and having lost more than 300 of his best officers and men. After keeping the rebels in check until the sick, wounded, and non-combatants had been safely despatched to Allahabad, Sir Colin, on the 6th of December, after skilfully drawing the enemy from their position, advanced on them with irresistible fury, and overthrew them with great slaughter, capturing 16 of their guns, and putting them to headlong flight. He then despatched Brigadier Hope Grant with the cavalry and artillery, who, coming up with the fugitives as they were preparing to cross into Oude, took nearly all their remaining guns, and inflicted a further heavy loss upon them. Sir Colin's subsequent operations and his final victories at Lucknow will be found at the conclusion of this article.

While the events above narrated were occurring at Punjab, Delhi, Lucknow, and Cawnpore, numerous outbreaks and slaughters were taking place in other parts of India. On the 13th of May an outbreak occurred at Ferozepoor, on the left bank of the Sutlej, doubtless prompted by intelligence of the massacre at Meerut. At this station the crisis was manfully met by the British. The two regiments stationed here were the 45th and 57th native infantry. Upon being ordered to march from their cantonments, the 45th broke out into open mutiny. They were at once attacked by Her Majesty's 61st foot and the 10th Bengal light cavalry, which remained stanch, and few escaped from the place. The 57th, upon being reasoned with, gave up their arms. Ferozepoor is about 50 miles south of Lahore, the capital of the Punjab. At Meeran Meer, the cantonments of Lahore, were quartered three regiments of native infantry, the 16th, 26th, and 49th, and the 8th light cavalry; and the whole of these, upon the arrival of tidings of the mutiny at Delhi, it was resolved at once to disarm. This being accomplished, the men were moving off to join the disaffected corps at Ferozepoor, but being intercepted by a movement of the British troops, they speedily returned to obedience. The whole business was managed with a degree of tact and discretion which reflects the highest credit on Sir John Lawrence, chief commissioner in the Punjab. Of the disarmed regiments at Lahore, one subsequently mutinied. This was the 26th native infantry, which, on the 30th of July, killed their commanding-officer, and then broke away. The fugitives were chased by the police and some of the new levies, and upwards of 500 were slain, or taken prisoners and executed. At Jullundur the 36th and 61st regiments mu- Mutiny of tinied on the 4th of June, and with a few men of the 6th light cavalry proceeded to Phillour, where they were joined by the 3rd native infantry. These corps crossed the Sutlej and entered Loodiana, whence, being driven out by a detachment of Her Majesty's 8th foot, they made their way to Delhi. Symptoms of disaffection had also been manifested in the 51st and 55th regiments stationed at Peshawur, and some of the men had been discharged about the end of May. The 51st subsequently mutinied at Peshawur, and the latter at Huzzara. The 51st had been disarmed, and swift retribution overtook their treachery, nearly the whole regiment being cut up, or taken prisoners and executed. The 55th were attacked and broken, and a large number taken prisoners were executed at Huzzara. A remnant escaped, and took refuge with the predatory Afghans of the frontiers; but although at first received as friends, they are said to have been forcibly converted to Mohammedanism, and sold as slaves. At Mooltan two native regiments were disarmed by Brigadier Chamberlain. Sealkote, another military station in the Punjab, took an active part in the mutiny. The 35th regiment of native infantry, part of the illustrious garrison of Jellalabad, proceeding from Sealkote to Delhi, were believed to be wavering in their fidelity, and were disarmed. The 14th native infantry, which had mutinied at Jhelum, had been completely broken, with the loss, however, of 50 Europeans of Her Majesty's 24th regiment killed and wounded, besides 3 officers; but a small remnant escaping to Sealkote, were there joined by the 46th regiment, and a wing of the 9th light cavalry. The main body of these mutineers was overtaken by General Nicholson on the 16th of July, and completely cut up. In the meantime a moveable column had been organized by General Reed, in concert with Brigadiers Chamberlain, Cotton, Edwardes, and Nicholson; and mutiny, wherever manifesting itself in the Punjab, was speedily quelled and put down with a strong hand. Thus, not only did Sir John Lawrence suppress insurrection in his own province, but contributed also, in a great degree, to the success at Delhi, by forwarding large and timely reinforcements to the besieging army.

Allygurbh, an important post, as commanding the communications up and down the country, had been garrisoned by four companies of the 9th native infantry, the men of which had hitherto conducted themselves with steadiness. On the 20th of May these companies rose against their officers, who were thus compelled to abandon the station. A portion of the same regiment, which was quartered at Mynpoorie, mutinied on the 22d of May; but by the tact and admirable conduct of one of their officers, Lieutenant De Kantzow, the men were kept back from acts of violence, and finally quitted the station to join their comrades at Allygurbh, en route to Delhi.

At Nusserabad, in the province of Ajmere, the 15th and 30th regiments of native infantry, and the 2d company of the 7th battalion Bengal artillery, mutinied on the 28th of May, and beat off with loss a portion of the 1st regiment of Bombay light cavalry (lancers), who gallantly charged the guns. In this engagement Captain Spottiswoode and Cornet Newberry were killed, and Captain Hardy and Lieutenant Jack wounded. Colonel Perney, commanding the 1st light cavalry, was killed by a fall from his horse. The rebels marched with colours flying and bands playing to Delhi. Subsequently a portion of the 12th Bombay native infantry mutinied at Nusserabad on the 10th of August, and was disarmed.

On the 29th of May the Hurreeamah battalion and 4th irregular cavalry, stationed at Hansi and Hisar, to the north-west of Delhi, mutinied and massacred a number of Europeans. Many of the civil and military officers effected their escape. The gallant general, Van Cortlandt, who so signal distinguished himself in the Mooltan campaign, marching from the north-west, had two engagements with the rebels at Sirsa, defeating them in each instance with severe loss.

At Bareilly the 18th and 68th native infantry, and the 8th irregular cavalry, rose en masse on the 31st of May. The Bareilly outbreak appears to have been concerted for a fixed hour at a given signal. Brigadier Sibbald was killed. Many of the European residents and civil servants of the Company were massacred. Fortunately the ladies had quitted the station some days earlier for that of Nyece Tal. Among the victims were the two judges of Bareilly, Mr Raikes and Mr Robinson. These two gentlemen were arraigned before one of the native judges. It does not appear what they were accused, but a mock trial ensued, when they were found guilty and beheaded. A number of half-castes and native Christians, amounting to no less than ninety individuals, were also dragged to the church and there butchered.

Shahjehanpore, situated 50 miles to the south-east of Bareilly, was the scene of a more striking tragedy enacted on the same day. Here the Christian residents were at church, when the 28th regiment, after cutting down their officers, surrounded the edifice, and massacred the whole congregation.

Agra also added to its celebrity by the heroic conduct of its garrison during the military revolt. An escort of treasure, proceeding from this place to Muttra about the middle of May, and consisting of two companies of the 44th and 67th native infantry, shot their officers, and decamped with the booty. Intelligence of the atrocity being conveyed to Agra, the two regiments on the 31st of May were ordered to parade and deliver up their arms. No hesitation was evinced by the men in obeying the mandate. From this time all was quiet for several weeks. But at the commencement of July the city was menaced by the 72d native infantry, a wing of the 7th light cavalry, and the 4th troop 1st battalion horse artillery, who, their ranks being swelled by bodies of malcontents, had marched to Futtupore Sikri from Neemuch, a cantonment distant 300 miles. At their approach the European inhabitants took refuge within the fort. The garrison there consisted of the East India Company's 3d regiment of European infantry, numbering, with the artillery, 650 men, besides 500 volunteers, foot and horse. On Sunday, the 5th of July, about 500 of this garrison,—it being known that the enemy were within 3 miles of the station,—boldly issued forth to confront the enemy. An obstinate battle ensued, and the rebels were dislodged from their position; when, the ammunition of the British force failing short, it was compelled to retreat. The English loss amounted to 49 Europeans killed, and 92 wounded. The spirit and gallantry displayed on the occasion seems to have had one good result, in securing the fort from attack or investment. About 5000 Europeans, including the garrison, had taken refuge within its precincts. The native troops stationed at Agra, consisting of the Kotah contingent and the Kerowlee horse, mutinied before the battle, and joined the rebels. Some weeks previous to these events, i.e., on the 25th of May, a proclamation had been issued by the lieutenant-governor of Agra, offering pardon to all mutineers who should lay down their arms. This proclamation was disapproved by the government, and another substituted. Subsequently the rebels were dispersed. On the 24th of August a detachment from the fort, under Major Montgomery, consisting of about 200 men, encountered a strong body of the insurgents of the Doab, posted in the inclosed garden of Maun Singh, between Hatras and Allygurbh, and drove them back with great slaughter in the direction of Allygurbh.

At Benares, from the moment of the outbreak, great uneasiness had been felt, and when Colonel Neill reached that city with the 1st Madras fuzilier on the 3d of June, matters were in a very critical state. On the following Mutiny of day a report reached the city that the 17th regiment of native infantry had broken out into open mutiny, and attacked an escort of treasure at Azimgurh, situated 80 miles north of Benares. Upon this it was thought advisable to disarm the 37th regiment of native infantry, in which some excitement had been displayed. The regiment being ordered on parade, Colonel Neill called upon the men to lay down their arms. This was answered by a fire upon the British, which was immediately returned by the artillery and Europeans. The Sikh regiment and the irregular cavalry joined the mutineers. Upon observing the disaffection of the Sikhs, the artillery opened fire upon them, and broke them, though they charged up to the muzzles of the guns. The expulsion of the 37th from the lines was then effected, the mutineers taking the route of Jaunpore.

After doing good service at Benares, Colonel Neill pushed on to Allahabad, where he arrived on the 11th of June, in time to save the fort. Here the 6th regiment of native infantry, which had rendered itself conspicuous by declarations of loyalty, mutinied on the 4th of June. The mutineers were joined by three troops of Oude irregular cavalry, and turned upon their officers, thirteen of whom they cut down. The remainder, with several civilians, took refuge in the fort, while the town was occupied by the insurgents; an influential Moulivie having set up his standard in the immediate vicinity, and gathered around him the elements of rapine and disorder. Colonel Neill found the place closely invested by the rebels. These he attacked on the 13th and 15th of June, on which last-mentioned day the enemy, beaten on all points, abandoned the city. On the 12th of July Colonel Neill was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general; and on the 16th, having handed over the command of the Allahabad garrison to Captain Hay of the 78th Highlanders, proceeded to Cawnpore to join General Havelock.

The death of this gallant officer at Lucknow has been already noticed.

Gwalior.

The Gwalior contingent, a body of native troops paid by Scindia, but commanded by British officers, revolted on the 16th of June, in spite of the efforts made by the Maharajah, through whose aid alone the British officers escaped. From that time to the middle of November this powerful body of rebels remained inactive in the neighbourhood of Gwalior, being kept in check by Scindia, who called out his feudatories for that purpose. Several times a battle was on the eve of being fought, in which the superior discipline of the rebels would have probably given them the advantage. Had they succeeded, or had Scindia been less warm in the English cause, it cannot be doubted that the mutinous contingent would have agreed to the proposal of the Indore rebels and marched on Delhi, in which case the British besieging army would have been in imminent peril. Foiled, however, by the opposition of Scindia, the Gwalior contingent at length, about November, advanced towards Calpee, and thence, on the 24th of that month, marched on Cawnpore, where they engaged and defeated General Windham, but were subsequently routed, as mentioned above, by Sir Colin Campbell. They, nevertheless, still continued to hang about Calpee; and on one or two occasions skirmished sharply with the English advanced posts in that direction.

Holkar's contingent rose on the 1st of July, and attacked the government British Residency, which they destroyed, and killed several officers and many persons connected with the English government. Most of the Indore officials and Europeans escaped to Schore, from whence they arrived safely at Hoslingabaid. The main body of these mutineers marched to Gwalior, where they vainly endeavoured to prevail on the Gwalior contingent to join them in an advance on Delhi. At last, on the 5th of September, they proceeded to Dholpore, about 30 miles from Agra, at the point where the road from Delhi to Bombay crosses the Chumbul. Fortunately it was that Delhi had fallen ere this great force of rebels could reach it. Colonel Greathed's column, which had been despatched towards Agra as soon as Delhi was completely occupied, after dispersing the Jhansi rebels in a sharp action at Bolundshubur on the 27th of September, and blowing up the fort of Malagurh on the 29th, reached Agra on the 10th of October early in the morning. The weary troops had scarce begun to encamp when they were charged by the cavalry of the Indore rebels, whose guns opened on them at the same time. The English suffered some loss, and had a gun captured before they could form their ranks to resist this surprise. The Sikh horse were the first to charge the enemy, and they were followed by the 9th lancers, who charged in their shirt sleeves. The English guns then opened, and, after a fierce engagement of two hours, the rebels were routed with great slaughter, with the loss of thirteen guns and all their camp equipage. From the date of this overthrow Holkar's contingent never again formed a compact body. Indore itself was kept from joining fully in the rebellion, mainly through the zealous efforts of the young Prince Holkar, who throughout showed the most unshaken fidelity to the British. On the 15th of December the Malwah field force, under Brigadier Stewart, arrived in the city, and disarmed the malcontents, on many of whom summary justice was executed.

At Jhansi the troops, consisting of a wing of the 12th Jhansi native infantry and some irregular cavalry, mutinied on the 5th of June, and a large number of Europeans, men, women, and children, were horribly murdered. The rebels marched off to Delhi. Upon the recapture of the city by the British on the 21st September, the Jhansi insurgents evacuated the place, and took the road to Bolundshubur, where, on the 27th, as above stated, they were attacked by the pursuing column under Colonel Greathed, and completely routed.

At Sangor, in Central India, although the majority of the troops participated in the general spirit of mutiny, a remarkable instance of loyalty was displayed by one regiment. On the 3rd of July, the 42nd native infantry, and part of the 3rd irregular cavalry, mutinied, and called upon the 31st regiment to join them. The latter regiment, deprived of its European officers, who had taken refuge in the fort, nevertheless behaved most loyally, drove the mutineers out of the station, retook a large signal gun and six elephants, which they restored to the authorities. The defeated rebels were, however, joined by large bodies of Boondelas and other marauders, and soon after completely invested Sangor, which remained in a state of siege and in extreme danger till the 3rd of February 1858, when it was relieved by General Sir Hugh Rose, commanding the Nerbudda field force.

Though the spirit of disloyalty was known to be all but universal throughout the Bengal army, three regiments of native infantry continued to be maintained in full force at Dinapore. These were the 7th, 8th, and 40th. A deputation of merchants had waited upon the governor-general, entreating that these regiments might be disbanded; but the reply had been, that the government had every confidence in the fidelity of the men. Shortly afterwards, however, the symptoms of mutiny became unmistakable, and on the 25th of July the three regiments threw off their allegiance, and broke out in insurrection. At this time Her Majesty's 10th foot, and part of Her Majesty's 37th regiment, with an European field-battery, were quartered at Dinapore. Nevertheless, by the mismanagement of General Lloyd, in command of the station, and owing to his physical unfitness for his duties, the three mutinous regiments were allowed to cross the Soane river, and to escape with little loss to Arrah, distant twenty-five miles west of Dinapore. Here Mr Wake, the magistrate of the district, with 11 other Europeans and 45 Sikhs had taken refuge within a small bungalow, which had been previously fortified. The build-

fatigue of ing was forthwith surrounded by the insurgents. This being made known at Dinapore, a detachment composed of 350 men of the 10th and 37th regiments was despatched by boats for the relief of the little band; but being landed by night, under the direction of treacherous guides, the party fell into an ambush, and were driven back with a loss of more than half their number killed and wounded. The disaster was in some degree retrieved by the heroic defence of the besieged garrison. These succeeded in holding the rebels at bay during seven days, until the 8th of August, when, after the failure of the expedition from Dinapore, they were relieved by Major Vincent Eyre, of Calcutta celebrity, who, with a detachment of 200 men and three guns from Buxar, dispersed a force of 3000 insurgents, headed by a native rajah, Kowur Singh, of Juggdeesore, with three pieces of artillery. The particulars of this romantic defence are thus given by Mr Wake, the magistrate of Shahabad:—"During the entire siege, which lasted seven days, every possible stratagem was practised against us. The cannons were fired as frequently as they could prepare shot, with which they were at first unprovided, and incessant assaults were made upon the bungalow. Not only did our Sikhs behave with perfect coolness and patience, but their untiring labour met and prevented every threatened disaster. Water began to run short—a well 18 feet by 4 was dug in less than twelve hours; the rebels raised a barricade on the top of the opposite house—our own grew in the same proportion; a shot shook a weak place in our defence—the place was made twice as strong as before; we began to feel the want of animal food and short allowance of grain—a sally was made at night, and four sheep brought in; and finally, when we ascertained beyond a doubt that the enemy were undermining us, a countermine was quickly dug. On the 30th, the troops sent to our relief from Dinapore were attacked and beaten back close to the entrance of the town. On the next day the rebels returned, and telling us that they had annihilated our relief, offered the Sikhs and the women and children (of whom there were none with us) their lives and liberty, if they would give up the government officers. August the 1st, we were all offered our lives, and leave to go to Calcutta, if we would give up our arms. On the 2d, the greater part of the sepoys went out to meet Major Eyre's field force, and on their being soundly thrashed, the rest of them deserted the station; and that night we went out, and found their mine had reached our foundations, and a canvass tube filled with gunpowder was lying handy to blow us up; in which, however, I do not think they would have succeeded, as their powder was bad, and another stroke of the pick would have broken into our countermine. We also brought in the one gun which they had left on the top of the opposite house. During the whole siege, only one man, a Sikh, was severely wounded, though two or three got scratches and blows from splinters and bricks." The mutineers, driven from Arrah, retreated in the direction of Juggdeesore, whither they were pursued by a detachment of the 10th foot. Here the men of that regiment gloriously avenged the slaughter of their comrades at Arrah. After a contest which lasted for upwards of two hours, Juggdeesore fell into their hands. No less than 400 of the rebels were cut down, and the remainder completely routed. General Lloyd being removed from his post, Sir James Outram succeeded to the command of Dinapore, but shortly after moved up towards Oude.

Among the latest revolts was that of the 52d native infantry, which mutinied and quitted Jubbulpore, a station 111 miles S.E. of Saugor, with the view of effecting a junction with the Dinapore rebels. The insurgents were met near the fort of Saugor by the column of Madras troops from Kamptee, and defeated, with a loss of 150 killed. Lieutenant Macgregor, who had been detained by the regiment as a kind of hostage, was murdered by the rebels. His body was found by the British covered with wounds.

At the small town of Nagode or Nagound, on the road from Saugor to Allahabad, and about 30 miles to the N.W. Nagode of Rewah, was stationed the 50th Bengal native infantry. This corps mutinied, but without slaughtering its officers, not long after the outbreaks at Saugor and Jubbulpore; and thus the circle of rebellion was completed in Bundelcund. The rajahs of Saugor and Shahgurh, and the rani of Jhansi, aided the insurgents with all their power. The rajah of Rewah remained faithful, though his troops were disaffected.

On the 21st of August a detachment of the Jodhpore legion, stationed at Aboo, rose, plundered the bazaar, and attempted to murder some invalids of Her Majesty's 83d regiment, but were repelled from their barracks with loss. They wounded Mr A. Lawrence, son of General G. Lawrence, and, descending the mountain, plundered the village of Anadra at the foot of it, and then proceeding to the stations where the other parts of the legion were, induced them to join. On the 1st of September General Lawrence marched from Ajmere to meet them, and on the 18th came upon them at Awah, and succeeded in driving them from their position outside the town, but finding this too strong to be attacked, was compelled to retire. Here Captain Monk Mason, who had pushed on from Palce to join General Lawrence, was killed in the attempt. About this time the chiefs of Dhar, Mundesore, and Ambeera, joined in the rebellion; and on the 19th and 20th of September a sharp action was fought at Neemahera, about 20 miles N.W. of Neemuch, in which the 12th Bombay native infantry, and the 2d Bombay cavalry, distinguished themselves. The place was taken with the loss of one European killed, and 16 natives killed or wounded. The Jodhpore legion was subsequently completely routed at Narnoul, 86 miles S. of Hansi, by Colonel Gerrard, who was killed in the action. Five officers were wounded, and the total of killed and wounded was 70.

At Kotah, the capital of the Rajpoot state of that name, Kotah situated on the right bank of the Chumbul, 195 miles S.W. of Agra, the forces of the rajah, consisting of 2140 infantry, 710 cavalry, and 600 artillerymen, rose against his authority, and in rebellion against British supremacy, on the 15th of October, and murdered the political agent, Major Burton of the 40th Bengal native infantry, with his two sons. They then plundered the Residency and set fire to it.

Besides these principal outbreaks, many lesser risings and mutinies of single corps, or detachments of corps, took place in other various parts of India. Thus the Ramgarh battalion parts, mutinied near Sherghaty, and on the 29th of September were met and routed by Major English with a detachment of the 53d regiment and some Sikhs. The 32d native infantry rose at Deogurla in the south-west districts, and killed Lieutenant Cooper, Mr Ronald, and some others; the 34th at Chittagong, and the 73d at Dacca and Juliporee, also mutinied so late even as November 1857, but the defection of these corps produced only local disturbance, and added little or nothing to the danger and magnitude of the general revolt. In the meantime, the Mahras army, with the exception of the 8th cavalry, which refused to proceed on service to Bengal, and was consequently disarmed, and a few irregular troops at Nagpore, continued faithful and aided greatly in the suppression of the revolt. The principal native ruler in Southern India, the Nizam, threw the whole weight of his influence into the scale in favour of the British; and his minister, Salar Jung, a nobleman of European energy, courage, and abilities, crushed a desperate attempt of the fanatical Rohillas to raise the standard of rebellion at Hyderabad. In the Bombay army, where there were 15,000 soldiers, recruited from Oude and the adjacent provinces, the case was different. On the evening of the Mutiny of 31st of July, 1857. 167 men of the 27th Bombay native infantry rose at Kolapore, in the South Mahratta country, and murdered three of their officers, and carried off 37,000 rupees from the treasury. They were shortly afterwards attacked by Lieutenant Kerr, with a body of the South Mahratta irregular horse, and dispersed or destroyed. The fugitives perished in the jungles of want, or were killed by the villagers. On the 10th of August a trooper of the 1st Bombay lancers attempted to raise an émeute at Nusseerabad, and was for a time protected by the 12th native infantry, but at length shot. About the same time a small part of the 2d Bombay cavalry mutinied at Neemuch, and were not overpowered without a struggle, in which four Europeans lost their lives. Plots were also discovered in the 2d grenadiers at Ahmedabad, and the 29th native infantry at Belgaum; and on the 20th of August the havidar major of the latter regiment, and some others, were executed. At Bombay the 10th native infantry were discovered to be in a disaffected state; and a soldier of that corps, and one of the marine battalion, were blown from guns. But it was in Sindh that the most extensive conspiracy was formed; and but for the fidelity of Jacob's horse, and the admirable management of the commissioner, Mr Frere, the whole of that province would have been in a blaze. At Kurrachee the 21st Bombay native infantry were disarmed, and a considerable number of sepoys executed; at Shikarpore and Hyderabad there were attempts at a rising; and at the former place the Bengal artillerymen seized the guns, and kept up a fire on cantonments for some time. These particulars suffice to prove the alarming state of India when the European reinforcements from England began to arrive. It remains now to show how these were made available for the extinction of the revolt.

Between June the 18th and the end of November 1857, ninety-four large transports were despatched from England, having on board 34,481 European soldiers to reinforce the royal army in India. In addition to these, 900 men were despatched overland; and several regiments were drawn from the Cape, Ceylon, and the Mauritius, and also from the China expedition, whence also was furnished a formidable naval brigade, the men of which served 68-pounder guns with terrible effect in the storming of Lucknow. In the beginning of November the bulk of these reinforcements began to arrive, and in the first fortnight of that month 8000 men were landed at Calcutta alone. Thus along the Ganges a stream of reinforcements was constantly flowing up, enabling the commander-in-chief to reduce Lower Bengal to order, garrison the chief places, and prepare a powerful army for the capture of Lucknow and the complete conquest of Oude. At the same time Sir J. Lawrence was actively engaged in levying new Sikh troops and despatching them to the south; while Jung Bahadur, the regent of Nepal, sending forward several thousand Gorkhas to the aid of the British, prepared to descend from the hills into Oude with 10,000 more. At Madras and Bombay, as fresh European regiments arrived, those already in the presidencies were pushed up towards Central India, and there formed into columns, which gradually swept the rebels towards the east, and co-operated with the columns from the Delhi and Punjab armies, which, advancing southward, cleared the Doab and Rohilcund, and drove the insurgents into Oude, where they were stopped by Sir C. Campbell and the main army. Turning to the operations of the subsidiary columns during the close of 1857, and taking that of Colonel Greathed first, it may be briefly noticed, that after the defeat of the Indore rebels on the 10th of October, this force halted a few days at Agra, and reached Mynpooree, 71½ miles to the east of Agra, on the 19th; and on the day previous Brigadier Grant took command from Colonel Greathed. The guns and treasure of the rajah, who had fled with the rebels, were here captured, and the fort was blown up. On the 23d the column arrived at Kanouj, and there falling in with a body of the Delhi fugitives, killed 200 of them, and captured five guns, with the loss of one officer and two privates wounded. On the 26th the column reached Cawnpore, whence, its losses being recruited by fresh troops, and having been made up to 3460 men, with twenty guns, it moved on towards Lucknow, and arrived at Nawabgunge, near that city, on the 1st of November. From this date its operations merge in those of the main army.

In the meantime, the districts west of Delhi were swept by a column under Brigadier Showers, who, on October the 1st, captured Rewaree, 50 miles S.W. of Delhi, the town of a rebel rajah, who fled, leaving twelve guns loaded on the ramparts of his fort. On the 12th Brigadier Showers reached Jajhar, once the capital of the adventurer George Thomas, but now of a rebel nawab, who was made prisoner on the 17th, and subsequently hanged at Delhi. The column then moved to Dadre, cutting to pieces some small parties of rebels on the way, and thence to Kanound, where fourteen guns and considerable treasure and stores were taken. On the 31st of the same month a detachment of this column cut up a body of Mewatties on the heights near Sonna, in the Goorgaon district. The column returned to Delhi on the 9th of November, and immediately after moved out again to Meerut, en route for Bewar.

From Madras a strong column having assembled at Medras Kurnool under Brigadier Whitlock, moved upon Jubbulpore, and on the 15th of December advanced from that town into the Saugor territory, quieting the disturbed districts as it proceeded, and sending on two regiments of cavalry to clear the way to Benares. The advance of this column was greatly facilitated by the brilliant successes of Captain Osborn, the political agent at Rewah, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hindle, who, with the forces of the rajahs of Punnah and Rewah, and some levies raised in Bundelcund, defeated several bodies of insurgents, and captured the strong fort of Bijarjoogurh, the killadar of which place, and ninety-three other prisoners, were shot by command of Brigadier Whitlock. Simultaneously almost with the successful operations of the last-named officers, an alarming outbreak of the wild tribes in Sumbulpore, a large expanse of jungly country directly south of the region in which the column of Brigadier Whitlock was moving, was put down by Major Bates of the 40th Madras native infantry, and Captain Wood, commanding a squadron of the Nagpore irregular cavalry. On the 30th of December Captain Wood, with 73 horsemen and 200 infantry of the 40th native infantry and Ramgurh battalion, encountered a body of the rebels near Sumbulpore, and killed fifty-three and dispersed the rest. Captain Wood, who killed three of the enemy with his own hand, was wounded, with Dr Winslow and nine privates. These rebels had previously murdered Dr Moore not far from the spot where they were defeated. Another body of insurgents was shortly afterwards routed with great slaughter by Major Bates in the same district. Madras troops were likewise successfully engaged some weeks later in suppressing a rebellion raised by the rajah of Shorapore, a small principality in the S.W. angle of the Nizam's territories. On the 7th of February the troops of the rajah were defeated near his chief town by a small Madras column, with trifling loss to the English; but Captain Newbery of the 8th Madras cavalry was killed, and Lieutenant Stewart of the same corps wounded. Shorapore was occupied next day by Colonel Malcolm, with the South Mahratta horse; and the rajah himself was made prisoner at Hyderabad, whither he had fled.

From the Bombay side a column called the Malwah field force, consisting of the 14th light dragoons, Her Majesty's 86th foot, the 3d Bombay cavalry, the 25th native infantry, some Bombay artillery, and a strong force of the Nizam's Captain Neville of the royal engineers, aide-de-camp to Sir H. Rose, was killed. On the 3rd of February Sir Hugh reached Saugor and relieved the garrison, which had been besieged since July of the previous year. Twenty rebels were executed here.

On the 3rd of March Sir H. Rose, moving on Jhansi, forced the Mudianpore Pass, with the loss to the British of 20 killed and wounded.

Early in January 1858 a strong column, under Brigadier Roberts, prepared to move from Deesa in Gujerat into Rajpootana. On the morning of the 6th, 200 men of the 10th Bombay native infantry, 100 of Her Majesty's 95th regiment, 2 guns, 30 men of Captain Aitken's battery, and 20 of the royal sappers and miners, under command of Major Raines of the 95th, went forward to attack the village of Rowah, 9 miles from Deesa. It was found strongly fortified, but the infantry gallantly stormed it. Three British officers were wounded, and several men. Gold and silver coins to the value of L5,000 were found among the ruins of the village. On the 10th Major Raines, having sent back his sick and wounded to Deesa, and having received reinforcements, advanced towards Awah, his column now consisting of the 8th hussars, 1st Bombay lancers and 2d cavalry, Her Majesty's 72d Highlanders, and 96th and 51st regiments, with a detachment of the 83d and the royal engineers, the 1st and 2d native infantry, Captain Aitken's battery, 2 troops of horse artillery, and a siege train. On the 19th the column was joined at Jaitpoora, 2 miles from Awah, by two companies of the 83d, a battery of foot artillery, 600 Sindhi horse, two squadrons of the 1st lancers, and part of the 12th native infantry, under Colonel Holmes of the latter regiment, who took command of the whole force. On the night of the 23d this column captured Awah, one of the strongest towns in Rajpootana, taking 16 guns and 170 prisoners, of whom 25 were executed forthwith. On the 1st of February General Roberts marched from Deesa to join Colonel Holmes, having with him some sappers and miners, a wing of the 9th regiment, and some of the 2d cavalry, and having effected a junction, the whole column, 7000 strong, with 30 guns, marched towards Kotah, through the pass of Bharoodurrad.

In the meantime, the commander-in-chief was busily engaged in preparing for the final reduction of Oude and the capture of Lucknow. After the complete route of the Gwalior rebels, and their flight across the river into Oude, or westward to Kalpee, Sir C. Campbell despatched a column under Brigadier Walpole to clear the Lower Doab, and make its way to Etawah. He himself, leaving three regiments at Cawnpore with instructions to put that place in a state of defence by digging rifle-pits, throwing up earthworks, and levelling buildings that might yield cover to an enemy, moved with the main army upon Furruckabad. This place, the capital of the district so called, and distant from Agra 90 miles, from Lucknow 95, is on the left bank of the Ganges, while the British cantonment of Futtygurh lies about 3 miles to the west, on the right bank of the river. Both places were occupied in great force by the rebels; and the nawab had taken a leading part in the insurrection, and by the murder of a great number of Europeans had made himself only less infamously prominent than Nana Sahib. As Sir C. Campbell approached, the nawab received an accession of strength from Etawah, the rebels at that place deserting it on the 29th of December, when Brigadier Walpole entered, and flying to Furruckabad. On the 20th of January Sir Colin came to a place one march from Furruckabad, where a bridge over the Kalee Nadee had to be repaired. The working parties were attacked by about 5000 rebels, who were, however, quickly put to flight, with the loss of all their guns, seven in number. Here a most gallant officer, Lieutenant Younghusband, of the 5th Punjab...

Mutiny of cavalry, was wounded mortally, and Lieutenant Maxwell, of the Bengal artillery, severely. The next day Sir Colin occupied Furruckabad, which was evacuated by the enemy, the nawab leaving his guns and stores behind him. A column from Delhi, under Colonel Seaton, arrived at Futtygurh at the same time. On the 29th of December Captain Hodson, of the irregular cavalry, had brought despatches from this column to Sir Colin, riding 90 miles across a country overrun with rebels. In this hazardous exploit three of his escort were killed, and a few wounded. On the 13th of January Brigadier Walpole, with his brigade, was moved forward to repair a bridge over the Ram Gunga; and as a powerful force of the enemy assembled to oppose him on the opposite bank, reinforcements were sent out to him on the 15th. On the 26th a sharp action was fought between a force under Brigadier Hope, and 5000 of the rebels, with four guns, who had crossed the river at Mhow, 18 miles from Furruckabad. Captain Hodson was severely wounded, and his second in command, Lieutenant Macdougall, killed. Captain Steel of the 9th lancers, and Lieutenant Gough of the 3rd Bengal cavalry, were also wounded; and 13 men and Dr Fairweather of the 4th Punjabees, and 10 men of Her Majesty's 53rd regiment, were killed or wounded by the explosion of one of the enemy's tumbrels. On the 1st of February the commander-in-chief, leaving a brigade to watch the Rohilcund rebels, broke up his camp from Futtygurh and descended upon Cawnpore. He himself rapidly passed through the place on the 4th, reached Allahabad on the 8th, where he had an interview with the governor-general, who was now on his way to the seat of war. The same night he returned to Cawnpore, where, till the beginning of March, he was employed in superintending the concentration of stores and troops for the advance on Lucknow. On the 3rd of February the 88th regiment, with two guns and some Sikh horse, despatched to watch the Kalpee rebels, arrived at Bhognipore, 5 miles from Kalpee. Next morning they were attacked by the rebels from the latter place, consisting of part of the Gwalior contingent, and the 32nd and 40th native infantry. The enemy first attacked the picket of Captain Thomson, who commanded the Sikh horse. He bravely held his ground until reinforced, when the enemy were repulsed, and pursued to within a mile of Kalpee. Captain Thomson was wounded, and six men, the former severely. On the 7th of February Mr A. Hume of the civil service, with 400 matchlock-men, and a corps of irregular cavalry under Captain W. Alexander and Mr Macdonald, moved out from Etawah 22 miles to Anundram, where about 800 rebels occupied a strong position with one gun. Mr Hume gallantly led the storming party, and put the rebels to flight, who were then sabred by the cavalry. The enemy left 25 dead on the field; their gun was taken, and 6 prisoners, who were hanged. Mr Hume's party lost 38 killed and wounded. About a month previous to this the Bareilly rebels despatched three columns, two to attack Nynee Tal, and the third to overrun the Saharanpur districts. On the 10th of February one of these columns was encountered by Colonel McCausland from Nynee Tal, with the 66th Gorkhas, 200 cavalry, and 2 guns, near Buteree. The enemy lost 3 guns, and had 250 men killed. The British loss was 35 killed and wounded, including 2 officers wounded. The third rebel column, led by the Nawab of Najeebahad, crossed the river at Kunkhal, near Hardwar, on the 10th of January, and were immediately attacked by Captain Boisragon with 100 Gorkhas, a few Sikhs, 10 Europeans, and 2 guns. The rebels fled in confusion on being charged by the Gorkhas in flanks, and by the Sikhs, led by Mr Melville of the civil service, in front; and the Moyapore dam being suddenly opened by Captain Drummond, of the canal department, as they were fording the stream on their retreat, great numbers of them were drowned. The nawab himself was wounded, and his nephew fell by Captain Boisragon's own hand.

It is requisite here, in order to complete the view of operations at this time, to revert for a moment to the Bombay presidency, where the Bheels in the Ahmednagar and the Bheels Khandaesh collectarates, and adjoining districts, and along the Sautpoora Mountains, had risen in arms so early as September 1857. On the 8th of October a number of them, estimated at 1500 men, had posted themselves on a hill at Sinnoor, 20 miles S. of Nassuk. Here they were on that day attacked by Lieutenant Henry, superintendent of the Ahmednagar police, who was killed, and his party repulsed with severe loss. On the 29th of the same month, Rahujee Bhanga, a Bheel chief, passed through the Ahmednagar districts, plundering and burning. During the end of November and December the Bheels, under Khajja Singh, in great force, lined the Sautpoora Hills, near the Sindhiya Ghat, and are said to have carried off plunder from the adjacent villages to the amount of L140,000. Towards the end of January the Bheels of Chandore were attacked by Captain Montgomery, superintendent of the Ahmednagar police, in a dense jungle, 12 miles S.E. of that place, with indifferent success. He gallantly led his men three times to the charge, but was himself badly wounded, and obliged to retire. Lieutenant Stuart of the nizam's infantry was killed; Lieutenant Davidson of the 19th native infantry, and Lieutenant Chamberlain of the 26th native infantry, wounded,—the former dangerously. On the 19th of February another engagement took place near the same spot, at Mahadeo Donger, when Captain Pottinger defeated the insurgent Bheels, and took many prisoners.

Returning to the operations in Oude, it is requisite, before describing the first advance of the commander-in-chief from Cawnpore, to give a brief summary of the movements of the Gorkha forces despatched by Jung Bahadur to the aid of the British, and subsequently supported by a powerful column under his own command. The Nepal chief had, soon after the outbreak, volunteered his assistance to the governor-general, but his overtures were at that time rejected. In July, however, 3000 Gorkhas had reached Goruckpore; but owing to the masses of rebels which surrounded them, they retreated from that place, with all the Europeans belonging to the station, on the 13th of August, towards Azimgurh. At Gujhaba, 35 miles from Goruckpore, they were attacked by some thousands of rebels under Mohammed Hoossin, but soon repulsed their assailants, killing 150, and taking many prisoners, who, with two exceptions, were all put to death. The Gorkha loss was 2 killed and 7 wounded. Having arrived at Azimgurh, which they found plundered by the rebels, they halted there, and on the 20th of September sent out 1000 men under Captain Boileau to attack a party of insurgents at Nundowlace, belonging to the Rajah of Attroniah. The Gorkhas were completely successful, and took three brass guns at the point of the bayonet, killing 100 of the enemy, and having themselves but 16 wounded. Jung Bahadur at this time sent a reinforcement of two regiments to the hill stations of Almora and Nynee Tal. Major Ramsay, with 150 Gorkhas, 25 irregular horse, and 30 gentlemen volunteers, before the above reinforcements arrived, attacked a body of 800 rebels advancing on Almora from Bareilly, and killed upwards of 100, losing only 1 risaldar killed, and 1 Gorkha wounded. On the 30th of October Colonel Wroughton, with 500 men of Her Majesty's 10th foot, 1100 Gorkhas, and some guns, drove a body of 5000 rebels, with 4 guns, from a position at Chanda. The Gorkhas gallantly captured the guns, and killed 400 of the enemy, losing 13 of their own men killed, and 60 wounded. The same Gorkhas had, on the 19th, defeated Hasan Yar Khan at Kudwa. In that action Messrs Jenkinson and Carnegy of the civil service greatly distinguished themselves, and killed 7 of the enemy. Towards the end of November the rebels from Lucknow pushed heavy columns to the south; so that the Gorkhas were compelled to again evacuate the Goruckpore district and Azimgurh. On the 2d of December Jung Bahadur arrived at Segowlee, in the plains, having with him 9000 regular Gorkha troops and a multitude of irregulars.

On the 19th of December the Calcutta Gazette announced that Jung Bahadur was entering the plains of Hindustan to co-operate with the British troops in the restoration of order in the British provinces. Brigadier-General Macgregor was appointed to accompany the Nepalese chief; and a strong brigade under Colonel Franks was organized at Benares to co-operate with him by advancing in the direction of Jaunpore and Azimgurh. Her Majesty's 97th and 20th foot, with a wing of the 10th regiment and some royal artillery, formed the nucleus of this force. On the 6th of January Jung Bahadur, with 14 regiments of infantry and 4 batteries of artillery of 6 guns each, took Goruckpore. The enemy's position was strong, but their resistance feeble. They lost 7 guns, and had 200 men killed; while the Gorkha loss was 2 killed and 7 wounded. Previous to this action a column of the Goruckpore rebels had been defeated at Sohanpore, 5 miles S.E. of Majhowlee, and 40 from Goruckpore, by Colonel Rowcroft with the naval brigade (about 160 men) and two Gorkha regiments. The rebels lost a gun, and had 200 killed; while there were but 4 wounded in Colonel Rowcroft's force. In the meantime the enemy had shown themselves in such force near Azimgurh, that Colonel Longden, commanding there, had been compelled to retire. By the 22d of January Jung Bahadur's van had reached Belwa Bazar, on the Gogra, opposite Fyzabad; and Colonel Franks' column had been swelled by 4000 Gorkhas, some Madras troops, Sikhs, 200 sailors, while his artillery amounted to 24 guns. On the 4th of February the advanced troops of the Gorkha main army attacked and dispersed the raja of Gomalah's army near Fyzabad, with the loss to themselves of only 1 killed and 2 wounded. But Brigadier Franks was now rapidly pushing forward; and on the 19th of February he defeated at Chanda two armies of rebels, one of 8000 men, the other of 11,000. The loss of the enemy was very heavy. On the 23d the same officer gained a still more decided victory, killed 1800 of the rebels, and captured their standing camp and 90 guns. The British loss in the three actions was 2 killed and 16 wounded. Many rebel sepoys of the 13th, 15th, 20th, and 40th native infantry were killed in these engagements. Both the column of Brigadier Franks and that of Jung Bahadur joined the commander-in-chief at Lucknow without further serious opposition.

In the meantime, Sir J. Outram had repulsed incessant attacks on his post at Alumbagh, just on the outskirts of Lucknow, which he held with a fine division of 5000 men, composed of the 1st Madras fuzileers, the 5th fuzileers, the 75th, 78th, and 90th, with Bruiser's Sikhs, Olphert's and Maude's batteries, some Madras sappers and miners, and the volunteer cavalry. To these regiments belongs the glory of maintaining the post of honour, and taking the lead in the final triumph at Lucknow. They were several times attacked at Alumbagh by immense masses of the enemy, and always repulsed them with terrible loss. On the 22d of December they took from the rebels 4 guns, an elephant, and great stores of ammunition. On the 12th and on the 16th of January they routed a mass of 30,000 men, which advanced on all sides of them. On February the 21st the rebels came out again in vast numbers, having sworn on the Koran to conquer or die. They formed in the shape of a crescent, and as the horns of their immense line began to converge on Alumbagh, General Outram attacked each extremity of it. They gave way almost at once, leaving 500 dead on the field; while the British had only 6 wounded. On the 25th they made another and a final effort, the begum and her son coming out on elephants to witness the conflict, which ended still more disastrously for them than the preceding. These successes were a presage of the easy reduction of the city, which fell on the 19th of March. Sir C. Campbell had been detained at Cawnpore longer than was expected by the non-arrival of the siege train from Agra. At last, on the 10th of February, an extra bridge having been thrown over the Ganges from the Cawnpore side, the passage began. Such, however, was the prodigious number of men and animals, that it was many days ere they had crossed. The whole road from Cawnpore to Alumbagh was lined with troops and baggage-cattle, among which were 16,000 camels. The actual numbers of Sir C. Campbell's main army were—infantry, 11,442; cavalry, 3961; artillery, 1669; naval brigade, 331; sappers and miners, 1970;—grand total, 19,373. Thus, with Outram's and Franks' divisions of 5000 men each, and Jung Bahadur's army of 10,000 Gorkhas, the whole force arrayed against Lucknow fell little short of 40,000 men, with 180 guns; and it may justly be said that an array so formidable and so well appointed never was seen in Hindustan.

On the 6th of March, Sir C. Campbell having arrived a few days previously, General Outram, with 5000 men and 30 guns, crossed the Goomtee, and took post to the E. of the city, pushing his reconnaissances to the S., and after repulsing an attack, bivouacked on the field of Chinlout, where Sir H. Lawrence was so disastrously defeated. On the 7th Sir J. Outram despatched General Hope Grant with 2000 cavalry to the N.E., to make a reconnaissance, and during his absence the enemy made a second and more serious attack. On the 9th Sir James turned the enemy's first line of works, which, though constructed with great care and skill by the revolted sappers and miners from Roorkee, were by a grave mistake made without protections from a flanking fire. In consequence, Outram's guns enfiladed the whole line, and enabled General Lugard's division, on the 10th, to carry the Martiniere and adjacent works on the S. of the city; and shortly after, the whole left of the enemy's earthworks, to within 800 yards of Banks' house. On the 10th this latter post was taken, and on the 11th the same division carried the begum's palace, which had been fortified in a way to make it defensible against a whole army. Here 600 bodies of sepoys of the 22d, 38th, and other regiments, were counted; and General Lugard lost about 100 men of his division in killed and wounded; among them Captain Hudson, the capturer of the King of Delhi, and well-known commander of irregular horse. On the same day Jung Bahadur joined with his Gorkhas. A severe struggle now took place in the direction of the Moosa Bagh, to the N.W. of the city; and here Captain Cooper of the engineers, Captain Moorsom of Sir J. Outram's staff, and many other gallant men, fell. On the 13th Sir Colin took the Imambara, and opened a tremendous fire on the Kaiser Bagh, the walls of which were shivered to pieces. On the 14th General Outram carried the town between the iron bridge and the Residency; and thousands of the enemy began now to stream out of the city, taking the road to Rohilcund. On the 16th the Muchee Bhawan and Great Imambara were captured; and on the 18th the Gorkhas carried a very strong position in front of Alumbagh. A detachment of these troops brought in Mrs Orr and Miss Madeline Jackson, who had been prisoners in the hands of the rebels since the advance of General Havelock. On the 19th the whole city was in possession of the British; and though many thousands of the rebels escaped, and a desultory warfare ensued, the close of the great revolt may be dated from this epoch.