a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name, in the department of Vaucluse, in the middle of a beautiful and fertile plain, about 3 miles from the left bank of the Rhone, and 13 north of Avignon. Many of the houses are handsome; but the streets are narrow, crooked, and not well kept. There are several elegant public fountains, well supplied with water. The most remarkable and splendid buildings are those which have remained from the time of the Romans, under whom Orange was known by the name of Arausio. About one-fourth of a mile from the town stands a triumphal arch in very good preservation, built of limestone of a deep yellow tint, in the Corinthian style of architecture. It has one central archway, with two smaller ones at the sides, and is profusely adorned with sculptures of naval trophies. No inscription can be traced on the arch, except the single word "Marius," which has led to the supposition that it was erected to commemorate the victory of Marius over the Teutones at Aix in 102 B.C.; but it is with probability believed that the arch is of much later date. The Roman theatre stands on the slope, and at the foot of a hill at the other end of the town, and is of semicircular form. The chord of the semicircle is formed by a colossal wall 121 feet high, 334 long, and 13 thick. The exterior of this wall forms a magnificent front of five stories, with a large central archway supported by Corinthian pillars. In the interior are to be seen all the parts of an ancient theatre, though entirely stripped of its ornaments. Near the theatre are the remains of an ancient circus; and many sculptures, pillars, and slabs of marble have been found in the town. There are still some traces of the walls that surrounded the ancient Arausio, which, from the extent of these defences, may have contained a population of 40,000. The modern town contains a court of the first instance, a council of prud'hommes, a public library, college, &c. In the middle ages, Orange was the capital of a small independent principality, which belonged to several families, and finally to that of Nassau. The territory was ceded to France by Frederick William of Prussia at the treaty of Utrecht; but the title has still continued in the family of Nassau, and is now borne by the heir to the throne of Holland. Orange has manufactures of silks, cottons, handkerchiefs, serge, &c.; and there is some trade in corn, wine, brandy, oil, honey, and wool. Pop. (1856) of the town, 9685; of the arrondissement, 75,260.

Orange River, or Gariep, a river of South Africa, bounding Cape Colony on the north, rises about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, in S. Lat. 28° 40', E. Long. 28° 30', and flows first S.W., then N.W., and finally westward, in an irregular course, till it falls into the Atlantic, S. Lat. 28° 30', E. Long. 16° 30'. Gold and copper ore have been found near its banks. The Orange River receives several tributaries, both from the north and from the south. The largest of these is the Ky-Gariep, Vaal, or Yellow River, from the north, which has a longer course than the Orange River itself. The Kuruman, and the Borradaile or Fish River, also join it from the north; and the Hartebeest or Visch River from the south. The length of the river, from the source of the Vaal to the sea, is 1000 miles.

**ORANGE RIVER SOVEREIGNTY**, a tract of country lying between the rivers Orange and Vaal, to the N.E. of Cape Colony, having an extent of 60,000 square miles. It was made a British territory in 1848, but was abandoned in 1854.

**ORANGE**, the fruit of the sweet-orange tree (*Citrus aurantium*, Risso, Nat. Ord. *Aurantiaceae*). This now well-known fruit is by no means an old inhabitant of Europe. Its native country is India, and perhaps China, but its introduction into Europe is possibly due to the Moors, who certainly introduced and planted extensive groves of the bitter orange at Seville and other places in Spain. The sweet orange bears the climate of the south of Europe exceedingly well, and in consequence has been most assiduously cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Sicily. The result has been the production of a great number of varieties, no less than nineteen of which have been described by Risso, the historian of the cultivated orange. The foliage of the orange is very beautiful, and forms a large round head to a short but well-formed stem, which is for 5 or 6 feet free from branches. The flowers are white and unattractive, but have a most delicious fragrance; so also has the fruit, both in its green and ripe state. The odour of the fruit resides in the outer coating of the rind, which when ripe is of a golden-yellow colour; this is technically called the *flavedo*. It is usual for the orange tree to have almost constantly flowers, with green and ripe fruit at the same time. For the oils obtained from the orange, see OILS. The cultivation of the orange constitutes a most important branch of industry in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the Azores, which countries supply the greater portion of this fruit consumed in Europe. Many of the plantations in Spain are of considerable age; but the oldest are those formed by the Moors in the neighbourhood of Seville of the bitter orange (*Citrus Bigaradia*, Risso), the fruit of which is sold under the name of "Seville oranges" for the manufacture of marmalade and other confections. The rind is also used in medicine as an agreeable tonic. When intended for export to other countries, the fruit is gathered a little before it is ripe, and each orange is wrapped either in thin paper or the spathes of Indian corn, and afterwards packed in chests or boxes,—the former containing about 800, and the latter 300. The chief places of import in this country are London, Liverpool, and Hull; and the quantity imported is immense. In 1857 we received from Portugal 229,116 bushels; the Azores, 274,200 bushels; Malta, 2430 bushels; Spain, 68,436 bushels; Two Sicilies, 112,510 bushels; Gibraltar, 3550 bushels; and from other countries 2600 bushels—in all, 692,842 bushels, as nearly as can be ascertained; but there is some uncertainty as to the exact quantity, owing to oranges and lemons being given together in the government returns. The duty on oranges is at present (1858) 8d. per bushel. A curious and delicious variety of the orange is grown in Brazil, and occasionally sent in small quantities to this country; its rind does not perfectly inclose the pulp, as in the common orange, but breaks up into several portions at the top of the fruit, which is lemon-shaped, and very large. It is the *Laranjeira embeguda*, or "navel-orange" of orange cultivators. (T.C.A.)

**ORATORIO**, in music, a kind of sacred drama, in which the poetry is derived from some Scriptural subject, and is set to music in recitatives, airs, duets, trios, quartets, &c., and choruses, accompanied by an orchestra, sometimes an organ, and introduced by an instrumental overture. The origin of the oratorio is not clearly established. Amongst the most remarkable oratorios of modern times is Haydn's "Creation." (G.F.G.)

**ORATORY**. See Rhetoric.

**ORAVICZA**, a town of Hungary, in the Banat, circle of Lugos, 53 miles S.S.E. of Temesvar. In the vicinity are mines of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal. The town is the seat of a board of mining for the Banat, and of some weaving establishments. Pop. 4840.

**ORB**, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, 41 miles N.N.W. of Wurtzburg. It has rich salt mines, producing annually upwards of 1800 tons of salt; numerous mills, mineral springs, and an active transit trade. Pop. 4500.

**ORCAGNA**, or ORAGNA, ANDREA, a celebrated Italian artist, was the son of Clione, a well-known goldsmith, and was born at Florence in the former half of the fourteenth century. His artistic talents were displayed at once in painting, sculpture, architecture, and poetry. He was first engaged, along with his brother Bernardo, in decorating churches. His chief pictures were "The Triumph of Death," and "The Last Judgment," both of which exist at the present time in the Campo Santo at Pisa, and bear testimony to the spirited and fertile invention of the artist. Then turning his attention to sculpture and architecture, he erected and ornamented the finely-proportioned Loggia di Lanzi and the church of Or San Michele, two edifices which are still seen in his native city. Meanwhile his leisure hours had been occupied in making verses; and he now continued to dabble in poetry till his death, at the age of sixty. (Vasari's *Painters, Sculptors*, &c.; and Lanzi's *History of Painting.*)

**ORCHARD**. See HORTICULTURE.

**ORCHESTRA** (Gr. ὀρχήστρα) was the place allotted to the chorus in the Greek theatres; but it signifies in modern times that place occupied by the instrumental band in a theatre, or by the instrumental and vocal performers in a concert-room. The word orchestra is also used as synonymous with band. In the Leipsic Musical Gazette, passim, there are plans and descriptions of some of the most celebrated orchestras—that of the Grand Opera at Paris, of a grand amateur concert at Vienna, of the San Carlo Theatre at Naples, of the Scala Theatre at Milan. (See also Burney's account of the great Handel commemoration in Westminster Abbey in May 1784; and the published accounts of the Handel commemoration in the Crystal Palace in 1857. For remarks on orchestral instrumentation, see article Music.) (G.F.G.)

**ORCHESTRINO**, a modern musical instrument, so called by its inventor Poulléau. It was shaped like a pianoforte, had similar finger-keys, and its sounds were produced by the friction of a circular bow upon the strings. It imitated the tones of the violin, the viola, the violoncello, the viol d'amour, the double-bass, &c. The construction of the bow (of hair, &c.) is said to have been very curious and ingenious. (G.F.G.)

**ORCHESTRION**, a musical instrument invented by the Abbé Vogler about 1789. It was a kind of portable organ, about 9 feet in height, breadth, and depth. Its power was that of an organ of 16-feet pipe, and it had a mechanism to swell or to diminish all the sounds within its compass. Another instrument of the same name, invented in 1796 by Kunz, a Bohemian, consisted of a pianoforte combined with some organ-stops. (G.F.G.)

**ORCHILLA WEED**, the commercial name applied to several species of *Rocella* (Nat. Ord. *Lichenes*). The most common is *R. tinctoria*, De Cand., which, although found growing on the rocks of European coasts even as far north as Britain, is chiefly collected on the tropical coasts of Lima and Angola. From the same localities, and also now in considerable quantities from India, *R. fuciformis* is also collected and exported. These are often mixed with other species, as *R. dichotoma*, *R. pygmaea*, *R. flaccida*, &c. These lichens are foliaceous, branched like a stag's horn, but generally flat. Their colour is a greenish-gray; and they have a peculiar and agreeable odour, resembling primroses, when in large quantities. When reduced to a pulp, and mixed with an ammoniacal liquor, they yield, after macera- ORC