a city of Spain, the capital of the province of Navarre, and an episcopal see, in N. Lat. 42° 50', W. Long. 1° 42', 220 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. It is situated in a plain on the left bank of the Arga, closed on three sides by the Pyrenees, and forming what is called the Cuenca or bowl of Pamplona. The site is level, except on the N., where there is a descent towards the suburbs. Owing to its position, its general climate is cold and humid; heavy snows and rain accompany the N. and N.W. winds in winter, while in summer the S. wind brings excessive heat. The purity of the air, however, and cleanliness of the town, render it tolerably salubrious. Pamplona has always been the frontier key and principal fortress of Navarre, commanding the plains. The fortifications form a rectangle, of which the N.E. and N.W. sides, La Magdalena and La Rochapela, face the river, which has a semicircular bend to the N. about the town. On the S.W. side, La Taconera, stands the citadel, constructed by Philip II. in 1571, after the model of that of Antwerp. It is a pentagon, and is separated from the city by an esplanade. It is calculated to contain 7500 men, but the barracks and store places are in very bad condition. The streets of the town are regular and broad, running generally N.E. and S.W.; and the cleanliness of the town is secured by a system of sewerage superior to anything of the kind in Spain. There are three plazas, of which the principal, De la Constitucion, formerly Del Castillo, has a side of 146 yards, and contains a theatre built in 1843, and the Casa de Diputacion. The plaza is converted on festivals into a Plaza de Toros, and has in the centre a fountain surmounted by a statue. The Plaza de San Jose contains the cathedral and its residences. The cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, is a Gothic structure built in 1397 by Carlos III., who is here interred; the previous building, also a re-erection by Don Sancho in 1123, having fallen into ruin, and nothing now remaining of it but a portion of the cloisters. The principal façade is Corinthian, heavy and unsuitable, and was erected in 1783 from the designs of Ventura Rodriguez. Remarkable in the choir are the figures of saints and prophets, of English oak, carved in 1530 by Miguel Ancharta, a native sculptor. There are three parish churches besides that of Saint John Baptist in the cathedral; the church of San Saturnino and that of San Nicolas de Bari are of the twelfth century. There are ten conventual buildings in the town, now mostly devoted to other purposes. There are, besides the citadel, seven buildings for military purposes; four barracks, one in the ancient palace of the kings of Navarre, the others in convents; a military hospital; and a powder magazine. Of places of amusement, there are the theatre already mentioned; two buildings for ball-playing, one of which, El Trinquette, a fine hall with two galleries, is the most frequented; and a fine Plaza de Toros, capable of holding 8000 spectators. The six fountains of the city are supplied by means of a superb aqueduct from Monte Franco, 21 leagues in length, built from the designs of Ventura Rodriguez at the end of last century. This fine work suffered much damage in the last civil war. Pamplona has always been distinguished for its love of letters and attention to public instruction. The Institute of secondary instruction has fourteen professors, with good museum and library, and an average attendance of about 300 pupils. It is situated in the Plaza de San Jose, by the cathedral. The Academy of Design is a fine hall in the lower storey of the Franciscan convent, is supported by the municipal funds, and numbers about 150 pupils, partly gratuitous. There are, besides, a normal school for male and one for female teachers; an infant school; a public boys' school, attended by about 600 pupils; a girls' school, conducted by the nuns of Sta. Catalina de Sena, attended by about 500 pupils, of whom above a third are gratuitous; and several other private establishments. There are three hospitals,—the General Hospital for sick, the Casa de Misericordia, and the Casa de Maternidad, which is also an orphan and a foundling hospital. Of the public gardens and pasos, the finest is that of La Taconera, which is also the most frequented in summer. The district of country near the town is tolerably fertile, producing a considerable quantity of grain and seeds, and the light-red wine called chacoli. By the river are many irrigated gardens, from which the town derives most of its vegetables. Besides agriculture, the only branch of industry of any importance is the manufacture of linen. Grain is exported to the mountainous regions of Navarre and Guipuzcoa. The weekly provision markets on Saturday are well supplied, and the market-places are numerous and commodious. The yearly fair, and feast of San Fermin, patron of the city, takes place 29th June to 18th July, and on these days the town is filled with the unusual concourse of people from all parts of the country. The tradition is, that the town was founded by Tubal, A.M. 1840; historically, its foundation is due to Pompey the Great, from whom it derived its name of Pompeiopolis, now corrupted to Pamplona. It was captured by Euriq the Goth in 466, and afterwards by the Franks in 542, under Childebert. Charlemagne dismantled it in 778, in which state it remained till the eleventh century, when the three districts of the town were separately fortified. The continual intestine contests of these three fortresses caused Carlos III., in the beginning of the fifteenth century, to destroy the interior walls, and strengthen the common bulwarks. He also erected the citadel on the site now occupied by the Plaza de Toros and the Basilica de S. Ignacio, built over the spot where that saint was wounded in defence of the citadel against Andre de Foix in 1521. In the late French war it was taken by stratagem by the French under D'Armagnac, and remained in their power till recaptured after a blockade by Wellington in 1813. In the civil war that followed the death of Ferdinand VII., Pamplona was the strong place of the liberals. The citadel was seized and held for a short time by O'Donnell in September 1841.